Abstract

Canada’s commercial seal hunt has been the subject of controversy for over 40 years. Much of the debate has centered on the question of humane killing. The reality, however, is that debates about commercial sealing are political debates involving conflicting values and ethics. We argue that the time has come for conservationists, scientists, managers of free-living animals, bureaucrats, politicians, and society at large to think beyond populations and ecosystems and consider also the well-being of individual, sentient animals. The fundamental question then becomes, “Can commercial seal hunts be morally justified in the twenty-first century?”

The text of this article is only available as a PDF.

References

Bekoff, M., & Pierce, J. (
2009
).
Wild justice: The moral Lives of animals
.
Chicago, IL
:
University of Chicago Press
.
Brand, C. (
2009
,
January
22
).
Canada, Greenland defend annual seal hunts
. Retrieved from http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/575222
Council of the European Union
. (
2009
,
July
27
).
2957th council meeting, General Affairs and External Relations
(Press Release No. 12353/09). Retrieved from http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/gena/109452.pdf
Darwin, C. (
1981
).
The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex
.
Princeton, NJ
:
Princeton University Press
. (Original work published 1871)
European Commission
. (
2010
).
Commission regulation (EU) no 737/2010 of 10 August 2010 laying down detailed rules for the implementation of regulation (EC) no 1007/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on Trade in Seal Products
. Retrieved from http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32010R0737:EN:NOT
European Food Safety Authority
. (
2007
).
Animal welfare aspects of the killing and skinning of seals: Scientific opinion of the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare
.
EFSA Journal, 610
,
1
122
. Retrieved from http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/610.pdf
European Parliament
. (
2009
).
MEPs adopt strict conditions for the placing on the market of seal products in the European Union
(Press Release No. 20090504IPR54952).
Brussels, Belgium
:
Press Service, Directorate for the Media
.
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
. (
2009a
,
March
20
).
Minister Shea announces the 2009 management measures for the Atlantic seal hunt
. Retrieved from http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/media/npress-communique/2009/hq-ac06-eng.htm
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
. (
2009b
,
February
20
).
Minister Shea continues to defend the Canadian seal hunt
. Retrieved from http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/media/statement-declarations/2009/20090220-eng.htm
Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada
. (
2009
,
July
26
).
Canada requests that the European Union reconsider seal products trade ban
(News Release No. 207). Retrieved from http://www.international.gc.ca/media_commerce/comm/news-communiques/2009/387423.aspx
Government of Canada
. (
2009
,
June
27
).
Canada to pursue WTO consultations in response to European Union’s seal products ban
(News Release No. 208). Retrieved from http://news.gc.ca/web/article-eng.do?m=/index&nid=469979
Hammill, M. O., & Stenson, G. B. (
2007
).
Application of the precautionary approach and conservation reference points to management of Atlantic seals
.
ICES Journal of Marine Science
,
64
,
702
706
.
International Fund for Animal Welfare
. (
2006
,
September
6
).
New EU trade resolution to protect seals welcomed
[Press release]. Retrieved from http://www.ifaw.org/ifaw_united_kingdom/media_center/press_releases/09_06_06_10602.php
Johnston, D.W., Meisenheimer, P., & Lavigne, D. M. (
2000
).
An evaluation of management objectives for Canada’s commercial harp seal hunt, 1996–1998
.
Conservation Biology
,
14
,
729
737
.
Kirkman, S. P., & Lavigne, D. M. (
2010
).
Assessing the hunting practices of Namibia’s commercial seal hunt
.
South African Journal of Science
, (
106
3–4
), art. 166. Retrieved from http://www.sajs.co.za/index.php/SAJS/article/viewArticle/166/211
Lavigne, D. (
2003
).
Marine mammals and fisheries: The role of science in the culling debate
. In N. Gales, M. Hindell, & R. Kirkwood (Eds.),
Marine mammals: Fisheries, tourism and management issues
(pp
31
46
).
Collingwood, Victoria, Australia
:
CSIRO
. Retrieved from http://www.aad.gov.au/Asset/whales/Lavigne%202003.pdf
Lavigne, D. M. (
2009
,
April
15
).
Seal hunt is about playing political gamesmanship
.
Embassy
. Retrieved from http://www.embassymag.ca/page/view/seal_hunt-4-15-2009
Lavigne, D. M., Kidman Cox, R., Menon, V., & Wamithi, M. (
2006
).
Reinventing wildlife conservation for the 21st century
. In D. M. Lavigne (Ed.),
Gaining ground: In pursuit of ecological sustainability
(pp.
379
406
).
Guelph, Canada
:
International Fund for Animal Welfare and University of Limerick
.
Leaper, R., Lavigne, D., Corkeron, P., & Johnston, D. W. (
2010
).
Towards a precautionary approach to managing Canada’s commercial seal hunt
.
ICES Journal of Marine Science
,
67
,
316
320
.
Linzey, A. (
2009
).
Why animal suffering matters: Philosophy, theology, and practical ethics
.
New York and Oxford
:
Oxford University Press
.
Livernois, J. (
2010
).
The economics of ending Canada’s commercial harp seal hunt
.
Marine Policy
,
34
(
1
),
42
53
.
Lynn, W. S. (
2006
).
Between science and ethics: What science and the scientific method can and cannot contribute to conservation and sustainability
. In D. M. Lavigne (Ed.),
Gaining ground: In pursuit of ecological sustainability
(pp.
191
205
).
Guelph, Canada
:
International Fund for Animal Welfare and University of Limerick
.
Lynn, W. S. (
2007
).
Practical ethics and human-animal relations
. In M. Bekoff (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of human–animal relationships
.
Westport, CT
:
Greenwood Press
.
Midgley, M. (
1998
).
Animals and why they matter
(reissued ed.).
Athens
:
University of Georgia Press
.
President of the General Court
(
2010
,
25
October
).
Order of the President of the General Court. Applications for interim measures—Regulation (EC) No 1007/2009—Trade in seal products—Ban on import and sale—Exception in favour of Inuit communities—Second application for suspension of operation of a measure—New facts—No Urgency
.
Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
:
General Court of the European Union
.
Schlyter, C., Casaca, P., Florenz, K.-H., Murko, M. D., & Lucas, C. (
2006
,
May
15
).
Written declaration on banning seal products in the European Union
(No. 0038/2006).
Brussels, Belgium
:
European Parliament
.
Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans
. (
2009
).
Fourth report
.
Ottawa, Canada
:
House of Commons
. Retrieved from http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?DocId=3864923&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=40&Ses=2