Focalization and Embedded Speech in Andromache’s Iliadic Laments

Andromache’s laments in the Iliad use tertiary focalization and embedded speech as a means of engaging with masculine experiences within the feminine lament tradition. The focalized masculine experiences draw the audience’s attention away from the masculinity described by the main narrative of the Iliad, which promotes an aggressive pursuit of kleos even to death and refocuses attention on a nonmartial masculinity centered on the oikos. Andromache’s laments do not merely criticize Hector’s choice to sacrifice his oikos in his pursuit of kleos, but also argue that a warrior is valuable to his community not only as protector, but also as engaged participant in social structures that support the community as a whole.