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[Footnotes]
1 M. Rhodes, "Facsimiles from the Book of Abraham," in Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. D. H. Ludlow (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992), 1:136-37.
2 F. S. Spalding, Joseph Smith, Jr., as a Translator (Salt Lake City: The Arrow Press, 1912), 26-27.
3 K. Baer, "The Breathing Permit of Hor," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 2 (Summer 1968): 133.
4 A. Atiya and H. G. Fischer in "The Facsimile Found: The Recovery of Joseph Smith’s Papyrus Manuscripts," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 2 (Winter 1967): 51-64.
5 Baer, "Breathing Permit," 129-33.
E. Ashment, "The Facsimiles of the Book of Abraham," Sunstone 4 (1979), 5-6:33-35.
"The Facsimiles of the Book of Abraham," 33-38.
N. de G. Davies, The Temple ofHibis in el-Khargeh Oasis, Part III: The Decoration (New York: MMA, 1953), pl.3, reg. 5, no.20.
6 "Breathing Permit," 127
7 Baer, "Breathing Permit," 127.
P. Tübingen 2016, published in E. Brunner-Traut and H. Brunner, Die ägyptische Sammlung der Universität Tübingen (Mainz: Philipp von Zabern, 1981), pl. 12-13.
8 J.-C. Goyon, Rituels funéraires de l’ancienne Egypte (Paris: Les éditions du Cerf, 1972), 197.
9 A. J. Spencer, Death in Ancient Egypt (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1982), 172-73, fig. 69
M. Saleh and H. Sourouzian, Official Catalogue: The Egyptian Museum Cairo (Munich: Prestel-Verlag, 1987), nos. 268, 178, 179;
S. D’Auria, P. Lacovara, and C. Roehrig, Mummies & Magic: The Funerary Arts of Ancient Egypt (Boston: Museum of Fine Arts, 1988), no. 143, pp. 196-97.
R. H. Wilkinson, Reading Egyptian Art (London: Thames and Hudson, Ltd, 1992), 148-49.
Stephen Quirke notes that this motif "embodies defense," see his Ancient Egyptian Religion (London: British Museum Press, 1992), 146.
10 M. Rice, Egypt’s Making: The Origins of Ancient Egypt, 5000-2000 B.C. (London: Routledge, 1991), 59.
11 Baer, Breathing Permit, 118n35. For Horus in the form of a crocodile in the Osiris-myth, see G. Möller, Die beiden Totenpapyrus Rhind des Museums zu Edinburgh (Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, 1913), 78-79n42.
12 Baer, "Breathing Permit," 126-27.
13 H. Nibley, Abraham in Egypt (Salt Lake: Deseret Book Co., 1981)
"The Three Facsimiles from the Book of Abraham" (Provo, UT: FARMS, n.d.), as well as James Harris, "The Book of Abraham Facsimiles," in R. Millet and K. Jackson, eds., Studies in Scripture, vol. 2, The Pearl of Great Price (Salt Lake City: Randall Book Co., 1985), 247-86,
The Facsimilies of the Book of Abraham, A Study of the Joseph Smith Egyptian Papyri (Payson, UT: by the author, 1990),
M. Rhodes, "The Book of Abraham: Divinely Inspired Scripture," Review of Books on the Book of Mormon (henceforth RBBM) 4 (1992): 120-26.
Daniel Peterson has summarized much of the information found in these works in his "Notes from Antiquity," Ensign 24 (Jan. 1994): 16-21.
14 J. Gohary, Akhenaten’s Sed-f estival at Karnak (New York: Kegan Paul International, 1992), 1.
J. G. Griffiths, "Royal Renewal Rites in Ancient Egypt," in his Atlantis and Egypt (Cardiff: University of Wales Press, 1991), 173-76.
15 Nibley, "Three Facsimiles," 4.
16 E. Hornung and E. Staehlein, Studien zum Sedfest, Aegyptiaca Helvetica 1 (Basel: Ägyptologisches Seminar der Universität Basel, 1974), 40-41.
17 K. Martin, " Sedfest, " in W. Helck and E. Otto, eds., Lexikon der Ägyptologie, 6 vols. (Wiesbaden: Otto Harrasso witz, 1975-86), 5, 784,
J. Gohary, Akhenaten’s Sed-festival at Karnak, 8.
18 W. Kaiser, "Die kleine Hebseddarstellung im Sonnenheiligtum des Neuserre," BÄBA, Heft 12, Falttafel 4, 2d row, and for the latter see E. Naville, The Festival Hall of Osorkon II in the Great Temple of Bubastis (London: EES, 1892), pl. 2, 4-9.
Gohary, Akhenaten’s Sed-festival, 11 and 19.
19 J. G. Griffiths from The Origins of Osiris and His Cult (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1980), 209:
D. Lorton, "Towards a Constitutional Approach to ancient Egyptian Kingship," J AOS 99 (1979): 461n3;
V. A. Tobin, Theological Principles of Egyptian Religion (New York: Peter Lang, 1989), 97-98;
R. Leprohon, review of Tobin, Theological Principles, in JSSEA 17 (1987): 201;
Gohary, Akhenaten’s Sed-festival, 1-2.
20 Nibley, Abraham in Egypt, 118.
21 A. Radwan, Die Darstellungen des regierenden Königs und seiner Familienangehörigen in den Privatgräbern der 18. Dynastie, MÄS 21 (Berlin: Verlag Bruno Hessling, 1969).
22 J. Vandier, Bas reliefs et peintures: scènes de la vie quotidienne, Manuel d’archéologie Égyptienne, vol. 4 (Paris: Éditions A. et J. Picard et cie, 1964), 536.
23 S. A. B. Mercer, "Joseph Smith as an Interpreter and Translator of Egyptian," The Utah Survey 1 (1913), 1:19.
24 Ashment, "Facsimiles of the Book of Abraham," 36.
25 J. Gee, review of Larson, By His Own Hand upon Papyrus, in RBBM 4:102-103,
26 M. A. Muhammed, The Development of the Funerary Beliefs and Practices Displayed in the Private Tombs of the New Kingdom at Thebes [Cairo: Antiquities Department of Egypt, 1966], 172
A. T. Sandison, "Balsamierung, " LÄ I, col. 611
27 Spencer, Death in Ancient Egypt, 156-57
28 W. Helck, "Messer," LÄ 4, col. 113.
29 Baer, "Breathing Permit," 118n34.
30 E. Varga, "Le fragment d’un hypocéphale égyptien," Bulletin du Musée Hongrois des Beaux-arts 31 (1968): 12.
31 Rhodes, "Facsimiles from the Book of Abraham," 136.
32 Varga, "Fragment d’un hypocéphale," 11.
33 M. Rhodes, "Divinely Inspired Scripture," 125-26. See also Nibley, Abraham in Egypt, 38-39, and Harris, Facsimilies, 70n36.
34 E. Varga, "Le travaux préliminaires de la monographie sur les hypocéphales," Acta Orientaba Hungaricae 12 (1961): 237.
35 Varga, "Fragment d’un hypocéphale," 10.
36 H. Altenmüller, "Falke," LÄ 2, 94.
37 R. O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, ed. C. Andrews (New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1985), 71.
38 E. Hornung, "Himmelsvorstellungen/’ LÄ 2, 1215-17.
39 Rhodes, "Divinely Inspired Scripture," 126.
40 C. E. Sander-Hansen, Die religiösen Texte auf dem Sarg der Anchnesneferibre (Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard, 1937), 37-38.
41 T. G. Allen, The Egyptian Book of the Dead Documents in The Oriental Institute Museum at the University of Chicago, OIP 83 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), 221 n.f.
42 T. G. Allen, The Book of the Dead or Going Forth by Day, SAOC 37 (Chicago: The Oriental Institute, 1974), 111.
43 R. O. Faulkner, The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, 124.
E. Hornung (ein Barke mit Lotos-Bug) in Das Totenbuch der Ägypter (Zürich: Artemis Verlag, 1979), 263.
Le livre des morts des anciens égyptiens (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1967), 178.
T. G. Allen, Book of the Dead Manuscripts, 221, n.f.
44 H. Milde, The Vignettes in the Book of the Dead of Neferrenpet, Egyptologische Uitgaven, 7 (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten, 1991), 112.
45 Coffin Text spell 1030 (A. De Buck, The Egyptian Coffin Texts, vol. 7, OIP 87 [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961], 259, b),
The Ancient Egyptian Book of Two Ways [Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972], 13
P. Barguet, Les textes des sarcophages égyptiens du Moyen Empire (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1986), 622 and n5.
46 Peterson, "News from Antiquity," 18.
47 M. Heerma van Voss, "Horuskinder," LA 3, 53.
48 In D. Kessler, Himmelsrichtungen," LA 2, 1213-15,
49 P. Hoskisson, "Where was Ur of the Chaldees?" in H. D. Peterson and C. D. Tate, Jr., eds. The Pearl of Great Price: Revelations from God, Religious Studies Center Monograph Series, vol. 14, (Provo, UT: Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1989), 130.
H. D. Peterson, "The History and Significance of the Book of Abraham," in Millet and Jackson, Studies in Scripture, 2:175-76.
John A. Larson, "Joseph Smith and Egyptology: An Early Episode in the History of American Speculation about Ancient Egypt, 1835-1844," in D. Silverman, ed., For His Ka: Essays Offered in Memory of Klaus Baer, SAOC 55 [Chicago: Oriental Institute, 1994], 172
50 Nibley, Abraham in Egypt, 3-7;
B. Ostler, "Abraham: An Egyptian Connection," Preliminary Report (Provo, UT: FARMS, 1983).
52 Bible chronology, Abraham departed for Canaan in 2091 B.C. See P. K. McCarter, "The Patriarchal Age," in H. Shanks, ed., Ancient Israel (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1988), 2.
"Chronology," 636, of the Dictionary.
53 C. Westermann, Genesis 12-36 A Commentary, trans. J. Scullion (Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1985), 74.
McCarter would concur, noting that "it seems impossible to determine the time period in which [Abraham] lived" (McCarter, "Patriarchal Age," 21).
54 C. Westermann, Genesis 12-50, Erträge der Forschung 48 (Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1975), 73.
55 K. Baer, "Breathing Permit," 111.
57 Westermann, Genesis 12-36, 66.
N. Sarna, Understanding Genesis (New York: Schocken Books, 1966), 98.
58 E. Ashment, in "Making the Scriptures ’Indeed One in Our Hands," in D. Vogel, ed., The Word of God: Essays on Mormon Scripture (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1990), 258n44.
59 D. Redford, "Pharaoh," ABD 5, 288-89, and J. Osing, "Pharao," LÄ 4, col. 1021.
60 Antiquities, 8, 6, 2,
R. Paul, "Joseph Smith and the Manchester (New York) Library," Brigham Young University Studies 22 (1982): 349,
K. Sandberg, "Knowing Brother Joseph Again: The Book of Abraham, and Joseph Smith as a Translator," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 22 (Winter 1989): 32]
Jacob 1:14
Abr. 1:24
Abr. 1:20
61 D. B. Redford, Potiphar, ABD 5, 426-7.
62 Redford, in Egypt, Canaan, and Israel, 424, and A Study of the Biblical Story of Joseph, SVT 20 (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1970), 228-29,
A. Schulman, "On the Egyptian Name of Joseph: A New Approach," SAK 2 (1975): 238, 243.
63 C.-M. Zivie, "Memphis," LA 4, col. 25.
64 M. Ventris and J. Chadwick, Documents in Mycenaean Greek, 2d ed. (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1973), 136.
R. F. Willetts, The Civilization of Ancient Crete, 2d ed. (Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert, 1991), 101, 140.
J. T. Hooker, Linear B: An Introduction (Bristol: Bristol Classical Press, 1980), 20, par. 28
R. Steiglitz, "The Eteocretan Inscription from Psychro," Kadmos 15 (1976): 85,
M. Astour, Hellenosemitica (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1965), 340.
65 In Against Apion, book 1, sec. 15,
67 "Was Abraham at Ebla?" 232-33
A. Deimel, Pantheon Babylonicum [Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute, 1914], #2042,
E. Sollberger, Ur Excavation Texts 8, Royal Inscriptions, pt. 2 [London: British Museum, 1965], 19, #86
D. O. Edzard, "Mami-šarrat," in Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie, ed. D. O. Edzard et al. [New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1988), 7:329,
Sollberger, 19
J. J. M. Roberts, The Earliest Semitic Pantheon: A Study of the Semitic Deities Attested in Mesopotamia before UR III [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1972], 43-44
F. Brown, S. Driver, and C. Briggs, Hebrew and English Lexikon of the Old Testament [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980], 526
R. Youngblood, "Elkanah," ABD II, 475-6
Lundquist, "Abraham at Ebla," 234-35
68 C. Gordon, "Where is Abraham’s Ur?" BAR 3 (19 77), #2:20-21, 52,
J-Cl. Margueron in the ABD 6, 766-76,
Iraq 22 (1960): 1-19.
Genesis 12-36, 67
69 N. Grimal, A History of Ancient Egypt, trans. I. Shaw (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992), 215, and map on p. 203.
D. O’Connor, "New Kingdom and Third Intermediate Period," in Ancient Egypt: A Social History, B. G. Trigger et al. (Cambridge, Eng.: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 210, fig. 3.5.
70 R. Stadelman, "Götter, äg. G im Ausland," in LÄ 2, cols. 630-32.
E. Bleiberg, "Aspects of the Political, Religious and Economic Basis of Ancient Egyptian Imperialism during the New Kingdom," Ph.D. diss., University of Toronto, 1984, 102-19.
71 S. Wimmer, "Egyptian Temples in Canaan and Sinai," in Studies in Egyptology Presented to Miriam Lichtheim, vol. 2, ed. S. Israelit-Groll (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1990), 1080, 1097.
72 Wimmer, " Egyptian Temples/’ 1097.
73 D. Redford, Egypt and Canaan in the New Kingdom, Beer-Sheeva, vol. 4, ed. S. Ahituv (Beer-Sheva: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev Press, 1990), 64. See also Redford, Egypt, Canaan and Israel, 214.
74 J. Černý, Ancient Egyptian Religion (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, Publishers, 1957), reprint of 1952 ed., 41.
75 Redford, Egypt and Canaan, 66.
76 Bleiberg, Aspects, 111.
77 J. Barr, The Garden of Eden and the Hope of Immortality [Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1992], 53
J.J. Collins, "Daniel, Book of," ABD II, 29-30
his Scripture and Tradition in Judaism (Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1983), 2d ed., 90.
78 As does Rhodes, in "Facsimiles from the Book of Abraham," 136.
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