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[Footnotes]
1 Reed C. Durham, Jr., "Is There No Help for the Widow’s Son?" Mormon Miscellaneous 1 (Oct. 1975): 11-16;
(Nauvoo, IL: Martin Publishing Company, 1980), 15-33;
(Salt Lake City: Research Lodge of Utah F. & A.M., 16 Sept. 1974).
2 Reed C. Durham "To Whom It May Concern," n.d., in Patricia Lyn Scott, James E. Crooks, and Sharon G. Pugsley, "A Kinship of Interest: The Mormon History Association’s Membership," Journal of Mormon History 18 (Spring 1992): 153, 156.
3 Mervin B. Hogan, "Freemasonry and Mormon Ritual," 1991, privately circulated;
Don J. McDermott, "Joseph Smith and the Treasure of Hiram Abiff," The Cryptic Scholar, Winter/Spring 1991, 40-50;
Robin L. Carr, Freemasonry in Nauvoo (Bloomington, IL: Masonic Book Club and Illinois Lodge Research, 1989);
David John Buerger, "The Development of the Mormon Temple Endowment Ceremony," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 20 (Winter 1987): 33-76;
Kenneth W. Godfrey, "Joseph Smith and the Masons," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 64 (Spring 1971): 79-90;
Kent L. Walgren, "James Adams: Early Springfield Mormon and Freemason," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 75 (Summer 1982): 121-36;
Kent L. Walgren, "Fast and Loose Freemasonry," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 18 (Fall 1985): 172-76;
Robert N. Hullinger, Joseph Smith’s Response to Skepticism (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1992), 99-120.
4 Clara V. Dobay, "Intellect and Faith: The Controversy over Revisionist Mormon History," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 27 (Spring 1994): 92, 96;
Roger D. Launius, "The ’New Social History’ and the ’New Mormon History’: Reflections on Recent Trends," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 27 (Spring 1994): 109, 123-24.
5 Mark C. Carnes, Secret Ritual and Manhood in Victorian America (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1989), 173n22.
6 Ibid., 6-7.
7 Paul J. Rich, Chains of Empire, English Public Schools, Masonic Cabalism, Historical Causality, and Imperial Clubdom (London: Regency Press, Ltd., 1991), 137.
8 John Hamill and R. A. Gilbert, World Freemasonry, An Illustrated History (London: Aquarian Press, 1991), 201.
Henry W. Coil, Conversations on Freemasonry (Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing and Masonic Supply Co., Inc., n.d.), 237-38.
9 Armand L. Mauss, "Culture, Charisma and Change: Reflections on Mormon Temple Worship," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 20 (Winter 1987): 79-80.
10 Frances A. Yates, The Rosicrucian Enlightenment (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1972), 209.
11 Arthur Edward Waite, A New Encyclopaedia of Freemasonry, 2 vols. (London: William Rider and Son Limited, 1921), 1:351-52.
12 Ibid.
13 James Anderson, The Constitutions of Freemasons (London, 1723).
14 Carnes, 48;
Roy A. Wells, Understanding Freemasonry (London: Lewis Masonic, 1991), 8-9.
15 Colin Dyer, William Preston and His Work (London: Lewis Masonic, 1987), 236.
16 William Hutchinson, The Spirit of Masonry, intro. Trevor Stewart (Wellingborough, Eng.: Aquarian Press, 1987), xx, xxii, 9, 169.
17 Carnes, 49;
Salem Town, A System of Speculative Masonry, 2d ed. (Salem, NY, 1822), 22-3, 67, 71-2;
John G. Stearns, An Inquiry into the Nature and Tendency of Speculative Free-Masonry, 2d. ed. (Westfield: H. Newcomb, 1828), 168.
Coil, 237.
18 Dyer, 236.
Hutchinson, 139.
19 Richard Carlile, Manual of Freemasonry (London: Wm. Reeves, n.d.), 49-50;
David Bernard, Light on Masonry (Utica, NY: William Williams, 1829), 94-95;
Hutchinson, 139;
Wellins Calcott, Calcott’s Masonry, with Considerate Additions and Improvements (Philadelphia: Robert DeSilver, 1817), 123-24.
20 Journal of Discourses, 26 vols. (Liverpool, Eng.: Latter-day Saints’ Bookseller’s Depot, 1854-86), 18:303 (hereafter Journal of Discourses).
21 Waite, 1:284.
22 Ibid., 351;
Hamill and Gilbert, 9-17.
23 Waite, 1:284.
24 Douglas Knoop and G. P. Jones, The Genesis of Freemasonry: An Account of the Rise and Development of Freemasonry in Its Operative, Accepted and Early Speculative Phases (Manchester, Eng.: University of Manchester, 1947), 41-46.
25 Hamill and Gilbert, 9-11.
26 Ibid., 15.
27 David Stevenson, The First Freemasons, Scotland’s Early Lodges and Their Members (Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1989), 8-9.
28 Yates, 210-11.
29 ibid., 209-19;
Fred L. Pick and G. Norman Knight, The Pocket History of Freemasonry (London: Hutchinson, 1991), 39.
30 Robert Kirk, The Secret Commonwealth of Elves, Fauns and Fairies (Stirling: Eneas Mackay, 1933), 107-10.
Waite, 1:424-25.
31 Yates, 206-19.
Thomas De Quincey, "Historico-Critical Inquiry into the Origin of the Rosicrucians and the Freemasons," London Magazine (1824), reprinted in Collected Works, ed. David Masson (Edinburgh, 1890), 13:384-448,
J. G. Buhle published in German in 1804.
Waite, 1:77, 181;
Arthur Edward Waite, The Real History of the Rosicrucians (London: George Redway, 1887), 403-4;
Hamill and Gilbert, 28-35.
32 Waite, 1:79-80.
33 Ibid., 10;
Rich, 135;
Stevenson, 156-57;
Waite, 1:80-81.
34 Harry Carr, An Analysis and Commentary of Samuel Prichard’s Masonry Dissected 1730 (Bloomington, IL: Masonic Book Club, 1977), 20-26.
35 John Hamill, The Craft, A History of English Freemasonry (Wellingborough: Aquarian Press, 1986), 45.
36 Samuel Prichard, Masonry Dissected (London, 1730).
37 Carr, 43.
38 Pick and Knight, 88.
39 Harry Carr, Three Distinct Knocks and Jachin and Boaz (Bloomington, IL: Masonic Book Club, 1981), 28-60;
Harry Carr, ed., The Early French Exposures (London: Quatuor Coronad Lodge, 1971);
A. C. F. Jackson, English Masonic Exposures 1730-1760 (London: A. Lewis, 1986).
40 J. Burd, A Master-key to Freemasonry (London: n.p., 1760).
41 W-O-V-n, The Three Distinct Knocks (London: n.p., 1760).
42 Anonymous, Jachin and Boaz (London: n.p., 1762).
43 Anonymous, Hiram: The Grand Master-key to the Door of Both Ancient and Modern Free-masonry (London, 1764).
44 Anonymous, Shibboleth (London, 1765).
45 W. Gordon, Mystery of Freemasonry Explained (London, 1777).
46 J. G. Tupographos, Mahhabone (Liverpool, 1766).
47 Thomas Wilson, Solomon in All his Glory (London, 1766).
48 Charles Warren, The Freemason Stripped Naked (London, 1769).
49 Carr, Three Distinct Knocks and Jachin and Boaz, 1-2.
50 Coil, 91.
51 Roy A. Wells, The Rise and Development of Organized Freemasonry (London: Lewis Masonic, 1986), 207;
Dyer, 116;
Coil, 90.
52 Robert Macoy, General History, Cyclopedia and Dictionary of Freemasonry (New York: Masonic Publishing Co., 1872), reprinted as A Dictionary of Freemasonry (New York: Bell Publishing, 1989), 326-29.
53 Hamill and Gilbert, 58.
54 Pick and Knight, 106.
55 Ibid.
56 Ibid., 112.
57 Carnes, 23.
58 Hamill, 88.
Coil, 99;
Allen E. Roberts, Freemasonry in American History (Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing and Masonic Supply Co., Inc., 1985), 12-13.
Masonic historian, two Masons immigrated to the province of "East Jersey" in 1682: one returned a year later, and one served as deputy-governor of the province from 1685-90.
Robert F. Gould, Gould’s History of Freemasonry Throughout the World, 6 vols. (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936), 6:1-2.
59 Roberts, Freemasonry in American History, 18.
60 Ibid., 19-21.
61 Ibid., 23.
62 Ibid., 30.
63 Hamill, 88.
64 Ronald P. Formisano with Kathleen Smith Kutolowski, "Antimasonry and Masonry: The Genesis of Protest, 1826-1827," American Quarterly 29 (Summer 1977): 139, 143.
65 ibid., 143n18;
Paul Goodman, Towards a Christian Republic. Antimasonry and the Great Transition in New England, 1826-1836 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 3;
The Freemason’s Library (Baltimore, 1828), cited by Henry Dana Ward in Freemasonry (New York, 1828).
66 A Report on the Abduction of William Morgan (New York, 14 Feb. 1829).
Henry Leonard Stillson, ed., History of the Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons, and Concordant Orders (Boston: Fraternity Publishing Co., 1910), 261;
James C. Odierne, Opinions on Speculative Masonry (Boston, 1830), 198;
Formisano, 143.
67 Coil, 99-100.
68 Dyer, 125, 128-29.
69 [Thomas Smith Webb], The Freemason’s Monitor; or Illustrations of Masonry (Albany: Spencer and Webb, 1797), A2;
Coil, 100;
Dyer, 154.
70 Coil, 99;
Dver, 154.
71 Coil, 100.
72 Roberts, 222;
Carnes, 48.
73 Carnes, 49.
74 Roberts, 222.
75 Jeremy L. Cross, The True Masonic Chart, or Hieroglyphic Monitor (New Haven: John C. Gray, 1820).
76 Waite, 1:159.
77 Carnes, 23.
78 Ibid., 23-24.
79 The Pennsylvania Gazette (issued "From Thursday, December 3. To Tuesday December 8. 1730.")
Allen E. Roberts, Freemasonry in American History (Richmond, VA: Macoy Publishing & Masonic Co., Inc., 1985), 10-11;
Pick and Knight, 280-81;
80 Samuel Prichard, Masonry Dissected (n.p. 1749).
81 Anonymous, Hiram: on the Grand Master-Key to the Door of Both Ancient and Modern Free-Masonry (New York: John Holt, 1768).
82 Anonymous, Jachin and Boaz (Boston: J. Bumstead for E. Larkin, 1794).
83 John Robison, Proofs of a conspiracy against all the religions and governments of Europe carried on in the secret meetings of Freemasons, Illuminati, and reading societies, 4th ed. (New York: G. Forman, 1798);
Abbé Augustin Barruel, The Anti-Christian and Anti-Social Conspiracy (Lancaster, PA: Joseph Ehrenfried, 1812).
Henry W. Coil, Encyclopedia, 545
Christopher Mcintosh, The Rose Cross and the Age of Reason (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1992);
Jan Rachold, ed., Quellen und Texte zur Aufklärungsideologie des Illuminatenorden (1776-1785) (Berlin: Akademie, 1984).
Waite, 1:66
84 John Cosens Ogden, A View of the New England Illuminati: who are indefatigably engaged in destroying the religion and government of the United States; under a feigned regard for their safety—and under an impious abuse of true religion (Philadelphia: T. Carey, 1799);
Seth Payson, Proofs of the real existence, and dangerous tendency of Illuminism, containing an abstract of the most interesting parts of what Dr. Robison and the Abbe Barruel have published on this subject; with a collateral proofs and general observations (Charlestown, MA: Samuel Etheridge, 1802).
85 Richard Carlile, Manual of Masonry, with an Introductory Key-stone to the Royal Arch (London, 1843).
Carlile: Richard Carlile, Manual of Freemasonry, in three parts, with an Explanatory Introduction to the Science, and a free translation of some of the Sacred Scripture names (London, 1853).
Mary Hanlon, Revelations of Masonry, Made by a Late Member of the Craft, in Four Parts (New York: Printed for the Author, 1827),
86 John G. Stearns, An Inquiry into the Nature and Tendency of Speculative Free-Masonry (Utica, NY, 1826).
87 Keith Muir, "The Morgan Affair and Its Effect on Freemasonry," Ars Quatuor Coronatorum 105 (1992): 217-34;
Stanley Upton Mock, The Morgan Episode in American Free Masonry (East Aurora, NY: The Roycrofters, 1930);
John C. Palmer, The Morgan Affair and Anti-Masonry (Washington, D.C.: The Masonic Service Association of the United States, 1924);
Rob Morris, William Morgan: Or Political Anti-Masonry, Its Rise, Growth and Decadence (New York: Robert McCoy, 1883);
William L. Stone, Letters on Masonry and Anti-Masonry addressed to the Hon. John Quincy Adams (New York: O. Halsted, 1832), 123-297;
Clarence O. Lewis, The Morgan Affair, 1966 typescript, Niagara County Historical Society and Lockport Public Library, Lockport, New York.
John E. Thompson, The Masons, the Mormons and the Morgan Incident (Ames, IA: Iowa Research Lodge, n.d.).
88 Mock, 28-29.
89 Mrs. Lucinda Morgan, in A Narrative of the Facts and Circumstances Relating to the Kidnapping and Murder of William Morgan (Batavia: D. C. Miller, 1827).
90 [William Morgan], Illustrations of Masonry (Batavia, NY: Printed for the Author, 1826).
91 Wayne Sentinel, 17 Nov. 1826.
Proceedings of United States Anti-Masonic Convention, held at Philadelphia, September 11, 1830 (New York: Skinner and Dewey, 1830);
David Bernard, Light on Masonry: A Collection of the Most Important Documents on the Subject of Speculative Free Masonry (Utica, NY: W. Williams, 1829).
Rob Morris, William Morgan: Or Political Anti-Masonry, Its Rise, Growth and Decadence (New York: Robert McCoy, 1883).
William Preston Vaughn, The Anti-Masonic Party in the United States 1826-1843 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1983).
92 The Lewiston Committee, LeRoy Convention, A Revelation of Freemasonry as Published to the World by a Convention of Seceding Masons (Rochester, NY: Weed and Heron, 1828).
93 William O. Cummings, A Bibliography of Freemasonry (New York: Press of Henry Emmerson, 1963), 47.
94 David Bernard, Light on Masonry (Utica, NY: William Williams, 1829).
95 Avery Allyn, A Ritual of Freemasonry, Illustrated by Numerous Engravings. To Which is Added a Key to the Phi Beta Kappa, the Orange, and Odd Fellows Societies (Philadelphia: John Clarke, 1831).
96 Carnes, 24.
Stone, 388-97.
97 The Lewiston Committee, LeRoy Convention, A Revelation of Freemasonry as published to the World by a Convention of Seceding Masons (Rochester, NY: Weed and Heron, 1828).
98 Mock, 119-20, 125-26, 128-29.
99 Henry Dana Ward, Free Masonry (New York, 1828), 1-5.
100 Morgan, 69-70;
Bernard, 58-9.
101 Bernard, 62:
102 D. Michael Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1987), 164.
103 Records of the Grand Lodge of New York.
104 Rob Morris, The Masonic Martyr. The Biography of Eli Bruce (Louisville, KY: Morris & Konsarrat, 1861), 266-67.
John E. Thompson, "The Patriarch and the Martyr: Joseph Smith, Senior and Eli Bruce in the Canandaigua (NY) Jail," Restoration 5 (Oct. 1986): 22.
105 Thaddeus Mason Harris, Discourses Delivered on Public Occasions; Illustrating the Principles, Displaying the Tendency and Vindicating the Design of Free Masonry (Charlestown, 1801);
Joshua Bradley, Some of the Beauties of Free-Masonry; Being Extracts from Publications, Which have Received the Approbation of the Wise and Virtuous of the Fraternity: With Introductory Remarks, Designed to Remove the Various Objections Made Against the Order, 2d ed., (Albany: G. J. Loomis & Co., 1821).
106 Scott G. Kenney, ed., Wilford Woodruff’s Journal, 9 vols. (Midvale, UT: Signature Books, 1983-85), 2:545 (9 May 1845):
Helen Mar Whitney, Women’s Exponent 11 (15 July 1882): 26:
107 Harry Carr, An Analysis and Commentary of Samuel Prichard’s Masonery Dissected 1730 (Bloomington, IL: The Masonic Book Club, 1977);
Harry Carr, Three Distinct Knocks and Jachin and Boaz (Bloomington, IL: The Masonic Book Club, 1981).
108 Morgan, 102;
Hutchinson, 82;
Stearns, 43.
109 Masonic Mirror, 27 Nov. 1824.
110 Webb, 52.
111 Masonic Mirror, 27 Nov. 1824.
112 Rev. Cheever T. Felch, An Address Delivered before Mount Carmel Lodge at Lynn, June 1821... (Boston, n.d.), 7.
113 Exodus 28:36-38,
114 Webb, 83.
Ibid., 242-61.
115 Webb, 249-57.
116 Carlile, 49-50;
Bernard, 94-95.
Hutchinson, 139;
Calcott, 123-24.
117 Morgan, 78-103;
Bernard, 61-74.
Hiram [Abiff], see 3 Chr. 2-3; 4:16; 1 Kgs. 7:14.
118 Morgan, 78-103,
Bernard, 61-74.
119 Bernard, 196-199.
120 Bernard, 124-44.
121 Joseph Smith, Jr., et al., The History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, ed. B.H. Roberts, 7 vols., 2d ed. rev. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1978), 1:12.
122 Ibid., 9-17.
123 The Telegraph (Painesville, OH) 2d Series II (22 Mar. 1831): 40;
Ohio Star, as quoted in Max H. Parkin, Conflict at Kirtland (Salt Lake City, 1966), 23.
124 Richard S. Van Wagoner, Mormon Polygamy: A History, 3d ed. (Salt Lake City: Signature Books, 1992), 119.
125 Ebenezer Robinson, "Items of Personal History of the Editor," The Return 1-3 (1888-90): 90.
126 Morris, William Morgan, 196.
127 Mervin B. Hogan, "The Two Joseph Smith’s Masonic Experiences," 17 Jan. 1987, 13.
128 Harris was quoted in 1831 as stating that The Book of Mormon is "the Anti-Masonick Bible" (Geauga Gazette, 15 Mar. 1831).
Wayne Sentinel, 5 Oct. 1827, and Richard Lloyd Anderson, "Martin Harris, the Honorable New York Farmer," Improvement Era 72 (Feb. 1969): 20.
129 Bernard, 413-17; 452-59;
Milton W. Hamilton, Anti-Masonic Newspapers, 1826-1834 (Portland, ME: Southworth-Authoesen Press, 1939), 82.
Phelps and R. M. Blumer established the Ontario Phoenix on April 28, 1829, in Canandaigua, New York.
Kenneth W. Godfrey, "Joseph Smith and the Masons," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 64 (Spring 1971): 79-90.
W. W. Phelps was the "[a]uthor of at least two anti-Masonic newspapers, one in Trumansburg, New York, called the Lake Light, and another in Canandaigua, New York, named The Ontario Phoenix..."
The Wayne Sentinel (Palmyra, NY) 5 (7 Mar. 1828).
D&C 55.
D&C 57:11.
The Evening and Morning Star 1 (June 1832): 8; 1 (Jan. 1833): 2.
Phelps later became a member of the presidency of the Stake of Zion on July 3, 1834.
Andrew Jensen, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, 4 vols. (Salt Lake City: Andrew Jensen Historical Co., 1901-36), 3:692-97.
130 William Morgan and his wife resided above Harris’s Silversmith shop in Batavia. See deposition of George W. Harris in A Narrative of the Facts and Circumstances Relating to the Kidnapping and Murder of William Morgan (Batavia: D. C. Miller, 1827).
Morris, William Morgan, 258-59.
Harris was expelled from Batavia Lodge No. 433 on August 15, 1826, "for the enormous depravity of his masonic conduct."
Masonic Mirror and Mecltanic’s Intelligencer 2 (2 Sept. 1826): 290.
Supplementary Report of the Committee Appointed to Ascertain the Fate of Captain William Morgan (Rochester: Printed for the Committee by Edwin Scranton, 1827),
Morris, William Morgan, 258-59.
131 Geauga Gazette, 15 Mar. 1831.
Brief Report of the Debates in the Anti-Masonic State Convention of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts (Boston: John Marsh, 1830).
132 A Revelation of Freemasonry... (Rochester: Weed & Heron, 1828).
133 A Narrative of the Facts and Circumstances Relating to the Kidnapping and Murder of William Morgan (Batavia: D. C. Miller, 1827);
Bernard, 460-78.
134 Mock, 137ff.
135 Bernard, 452.
136 Republican Monitor (Kazenovia, NY), 15 July 1828, 3.
137 Pomeroy Tucker, Origin, Rise, and Progress ofMormonism (New York: D. Appleton &Co., 1867).
138 Art deHoyos, who provided the information concerning Cole’s Masonic membership, obtained it from Kathleen M. Haley, assistant librarian, Grand Lodge of State of New York (Haley to deHoyos, 21 Oct. 1992).
Book of Mormon in The Reflector, published in Palmyra on January 2, 1830.
The Reflector 1 [23 Sept. 1829]: 14
Cole was raised a Master Mason in Mount Moriah Lodge No. 112 on June 24, 1815.
139 Orsamus Turner, History of the Pioneer Settlement of Phelps and Gorham’s Purchase (Rochester, NY: William Ailing, 1851);
Morris, William Morgan, 191-92, 206, 209, 224, 228.
140 Orson F. Whitney, Life of Heber C. Kimball (Salt Lake City: Stevens & Wallis, 1945), 11-12.
141 Millennial Star 26 (23 July 1864): 471-72.
142 Dean C. Jessee, ed., The Personal Writings of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1984), 380, 405-406;
"Proclamation, To the Citizens of Nauvoo," Times and Seasons 4 (1 May 1843): 184.
143 Vogel, 27-29.
144 Thurlow Weed, Life of Thurlow Weed, ed. Harriet A. Weed (Boston: Houghton Miflin and Co., 1883), 358-59.
145 Morris, William Morgan, 276-77.
146 Ibid., 277-78.
147 Ibid., 277.
148 Susan Easton Black, Membership of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 50 vols. (Provo, UT: BYU Religious Studies Center, 1986), 21:40.
149 Donna Hill, Joseph Smith: The First Mormon (Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Co., 1977), 227.
150 Brodie, 436-37.
151 Wilhelm Wyl, Mormon Portraits, Joseph Smith the Prophet, his Family and his Friends (Salt Lake City: Tribune Publishing Co., 1886), 60, cited in Brodie, 336-37.
Danei W. Bachman, "A Study of the Mormon Practice of Plural Marriage Before the Death of Joseph Smith," M.A. thesis, Purdue University, 1975, 112-13.
152 Martha Taysom, "Is There No Help for the Widow? The Strange Life of Lucinda Pendleton Morgan Harris," 5, paper presented at the Mormon History Association, Lamoni, Iowa, May 1993.
153 Deserei News, 22 Nov. 1875.
154 Andrew Jensen, The Historical Record, Dec. 1899;
Benjamin F. Johnson, My Life’s Review (Independence, MO: Zion’s Printing and Publishing Co., 1947), 61;
Lee County Democrat, 1 Oct. 1842;
Helen Mar Whitney, "Scenes and Incidents in Nauvoo," Women’s Exponent 10 (n.d.): 20.
155 Morris, William Morgan, 278-79.
156 Ibid.
157 Journal of Discourses 2:31.
158 Times and Seasons 6 (15 Feb. 1845): 804-805.
Journal of Discourses 10:76-77.
History of the Church, 2:112-13.
159 History of the Church, 2:197.
160 Ibid., 287;
Jessee, Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, 61.
161 History of the Church, 2:308.
162 Ibid., 379-82, 391-2;
Jessee, Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, 145, 156.
163 History of the Church, 2:379-82.
164 Ibid., 386-88.
165 Ibid., 391-92.
166 Ibid., 410-33.
Additional washing, anointing, and washing of feet was performed on April 3, 4, 5, and 6, 1837.
ibid., 475-77.
167 David John Buerger, ’"The Fullness of the Priesthood’: The Second Anointing in Latter-day Saint Theology and Practice," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 16 (Spring 1983): 15-16.
168 Journal of Discourses 2:31.
169 Ibid., 31.
170 The Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Illinois, from its Organization in 1840-1850 Inclusive (Freeport, IL: Journal Reprint, 1892), 1-5.
171 Mervin B. Hogan, "Mormonism and Freemasonry: The Illinois Episode," The Little Masonic Library 2 (19 77): 311.
172 Van Wagoner, 27, 39n2.
173 History of the Church, 4:168-70, 172.
174 Ibid., 177-79.
175 Ibid., 270.
176 Ibid., 275-76.
177 Ibid., 287, 293, 295-96, 341.
178 Godfrey, 83, citing James J. Tyler, John Cook Bennett (n.p., n.d.).
179 John C. Reynolds, History of the M. W. Grand Lodge of Illinois... (Springfield, IL: H.G. Reynolds, Jr., 1869), 154;
Records of Bodley Lodge, No. 1, Quincy, Illinois.
180 History of the Church, 4:164.
181 Reynolds, 184.
182 Sam H. Goodwin, Mormonism and Masonry: A Utah Point of View (Salt Lake City: Sugarhouse Press, 1921), 4.
183 Mervin B. Hogan, ed., Founding Minutes of the Nauvoo Lodge, U.D. (Des Moines, IA: Research Lodge No. 2, 1971), 8, 10.
184 History of the Church, 4:550, 566.
185 Godfrey, 79.
186 Henry Wilson Coil, Coil’s Masonic Encyclopedia (New York: Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co., 1961), 9.
187 Macoy, 123, 130.
Order of the Eastern Star. An Instructive Manual on the Organization and Government of Chapters of the Order with Ceremonies and Ritual, arrang. F. A. Bell (Chicago: Ezra A. Cook Publications, Ltd., 1948), 20-22, 88-93.
188 History of the Church, 4:552-53.
189 Minutes of the Relief Society, 24 Mar. 1842, archives, historical department, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City, Utah (hereafter LDS archives).
190 Ibid., 8 Sept. 1842 (recording an epistle read on March 30).
191 John C. Bennett, The History of the Saints (Boston: Leland & Whiting, 1842), 40-41;
History of the Church, 5:12, 71.
192 History of the Church, 5:71-73.
193 Mervin B. Hogan, "The Confrontation of Grand Master Abraham Jonas and John C. Bennett in Nauvoo" (Privately printed, 1976), 8-9.
194 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Illinois, 78;
Dean Jessee, ed., The Papers of Joseph Smith, 2 vols. (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1989-92), 2:387.
195 Times and Seasons 3 (1 July 1842): 839-43.
196 Reynolds, 174-75.
197 Ibid., 175.
198 Goodwin, 1921, 13.
199 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Illinois, 59-60.
200 Reynolds, 174.
201 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Illinois, 71-72;
Reynolds, 172-73.
202 Reynolds, 226;
Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Illinois, 120-21.
203 History of the Church, 5:446.
204 Reynolds, 192-93.
205 Ibid., 199-200;
Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Illinois, 96-97.
206 Joseph E. Morcombe, "Masonry and Mormonism," Masonic Standard 11 (1 Sept. 1906): 6.
207 History of the Church, 6:285.
208 Hogan notes that the "first recorded intimation of possibly building its own Masonic Temple is dated Thursday, February 16, 1843, at the regular meeting of Nauvoo Lodge."
Hyrum Smith laid the cornerstone on June 24, 1843,
Hogan, "The Erection and Dedication of the Nauvoo Masonic Temple" (Salt Lake City, 27 Dec. 1976), 3-6.
History of the Church, 5:446.
209 Reynolds, 244.
210 History of the Church, 6:287.
Kenney, Wilford Woodruff’s Journal, 2:373.
Hogan, "Erection and Dedication," 13.
211 Reynolds, 254-57.
212 Hogan, "Erection and Dedication," 13.
213 Diary of Horace Eldredge, 6 Apr. 1844, LDS archives.
214 Times and Seasons 5 (15 July 1844): 585.
215 Reynolds, 232.
216 Ibid., 228.
217 Ibid., 261.
218 Nauvoo Masonic Lodge Minute Book, LDS archives. See also Mervin B. Hogan, The Official Minutes of Nauvoo Lodge U.D. (Des Moines, IA, 4 Apr. 1974), 49-81.
219 Durham, 17.
220 History of the Church, 6:321-22.
ibid., 298-301.
221 Ibid., 298-99.
222 Ibid., 299.
223 "The Higher Ordinances," Deserei News Semi-Weekly, 15 Feb. 1884, 2.
224 B. H. Roberts, A Comprehensive History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Century I, 6 vols. (Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1930), 2:135-36 (hereafter Comprehensive History );
Western District of Missouri, Western Division at Kansas City, the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints, Complainant, vs. The Church of Christ at Independence, Missouri (Lamoni, IA: Herald House, 1893), 299.
225 Kenney, Wilford Woodruff’s Journal, 2:270-72 (6 Aug. 1843);
Times and Seasons 5 (1 June 1845): 920.
226 History of the Church, 5:1-2.
227 Ibid., 2-3;
"Manuscript History of Brigham Young," 116, LDS archives.
228 "Manuscript History of Brigham Young," 129.
229 Joseph Smith, as Heber C. Kimball did when he wrote that he was endowed "in company with nine others" (Kimball Journal, 1845, under "Strange Events," 114).
"Manuscript History of Brigham Young," 116;
History of the Church, 5:2-3.
230 Waite, 2:375-78.
231 John Sheville and James L. Gould, Guide to the Royal Arch Chapter: A Complete Monitor for Royal Arch Masonry, etc. To which are added monitorial instructions in the Holy Order of High Priesthood in Royal Arch Masonry, with the Ceremonies of the Order, by James L. Gould (New York: Masonic Publishing and Manufacturing Co., 1868), 50-51, 132-34.
232 Roy A. Wells, The Rise and Development of Organized Freemasonry (London: Lewis Masonic, 1986), 151.
233 Roy A. Wells, Understanding Freemasonry (London: Lewis Masonic, 1991), 8.
234 Ibid., 204.
235 Robert Macoy, General History, Cyclopaedia and Dictionary of Freemasonry (New York: Masonic Publishing Co., 1869), 335, 368.
This book includes a reprint of George Oliver’s A Dictionary of Symbolic Masonry, 397-700.
236 Ibid., 11.
237 Stone, 43.
238 Macoy, 332, 502-503;
Sheville, 131-32.
239 Christopher Haffher, Regularity of Origin (Hong Kong: Paul Chater Lodge, 1986), 106.
240 Stone, 54.
241 Memorial Volume of the Seventy-Fifth Anniversary of the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of the State of Illinois (Springfield, IL: Phillips Bros., 1924), 10-14.
242 Illinois Masonic Directory (Springfield, 1953), 6.
243 Thomas Smith Webb, who created the degree, in the second edition (1802) of his Monitor and by Cross in 1820.
Thomas Smith Webb, The Freemason’s Monitor; or, Illustrations of Masonry (New York: Southwick and Crooker, 1802), 197-200;
Cross, 129-166.
George W. Warvelle, Observations on Order of High Priesthood, 2d. ed. (Chicago: J. C. Burmeister, 1915);
Sheville, 209-229;
Albert G. Mackey, An Encyclopaedia of Freemasonry and its Kindred Sciences, New and Revised Edition, (Philadelphia: L.H. Everts & Co., 1887), 338 et. seq.
244 Morgan, 94;
Bernard, 85-86.
245 Sheville, 132;
Macoy, 458.
246 Macoy, 303,
Mackey, 319.
247 Macoy, 250, 303;
Mackey, 338.
248 Macoy, 390.
249 Ibid., 256.
250 Ibid., 390-91;
Sheville, 131-208.
251 Sheville, 209;
Macoy, 168;
Pick and Knight, 292.
252 Henry Leonard Stillson, ed., History of the Ancient and Honorable Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons (Boston: Fraternity Publishing Co., 1910), 640-41;
Mackey’s Encyclopaedia (1878), 339-340.
253 Mackey, 388.
254 Macoy, 283.
255 Mackey, 338.
256 Ibid., 247;
Sheville, 212.
257 George W. Warvelle, Observations on the Order of High Priesthood, 2d ed. (Chicago: J. C. Burmeister, 1915);
Fred L. Pick and G. Norman Knight, The Freemason’s Pocket Reference Book, 7th ed. (London: Frederick Muller, Ltd., 1983), 144.
258 Sheville, 212.
259 Journal of Discourses 18:303.
260 Town, 76.
261 Ibid.
262 Salt Lake Daily Tribune, 28 Sept. 1879, 4
Thomas White, The Mormon Mysteries; Being and Exposition of the Ceremonies of "The Endowment" and of the Seven Degrees of the Temple [New York: Edmund K. Knowlton, 1851], 7
263 D. Michael Quinn, "Latter-day Saint Prayer Circles," Brigham Young University Studies 19 (Fall 1978): 86; in Kenney, Wilford Woodruff’s Journal, 2:313 (28 Sept. 1843),
264 Kenney, Wilford Woodruff’s Journal, 2:340-41, 344, 346, 354.
265 Mackey, 27-28.
266 Ibid., 29, 31.
267 Ibid., 30.
268 Scott H. Faulring, An American Prophet’s Record: The Diaries and Journals of Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Signature Books in association with Smith Research Associates, 1987), 416:
Quinn, 85
Quinn’s transcription or in the account contained in History of the Church, 6:39, or in Wilford Woodruffs Journal, 2:313
"Manuscript History of Brigham Young," 154-59 (22 Oct. 1843-28 Jan. 1844).
Faulring, 418, 425, 426, 440, 441-42,444, 445
269 Launius, 123-24.
270 Faulring, 416 (28 Sept. 1843);
George D. Smith, ed., An Intimate Chronicle: The Journals of William Clayton (Salt Lake City: Signature Books in association with Smith Research Associates, 1991), 202n5;
Buerger, "’The Fulness of the Priesthood’," 16-22.
271 Quinn, 93.
272 Gordon I. Irving, "The Law of Adoption: One Phase of the Development of the Mormon Concept of Salvation, 1830-1900," Brigham Young University Studies 14 (Spring 1974): 291-314;
Kenney, Wilford Woodruff’s Journal, 2:340-41.
273 Andrew F. Ehat, ed., "’They Might Have Known That He Was Not a Fallen Prophet’: The Nauvoo Journal of Joseph Fielding," Brigham Young University Studies 19 (Winter 1979): 97-98.
274 History of the Church, 7:556.
275 Buerger, 25n48;
John K. Edmonds, Through Temple Doors (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1978), 72.
276 Journal of Discourses 24:63 (18 Mar. 1883).
277 Heber C. Kimball Diary, 15-21 Dec. 1845, LDS archives.
278 James E. Talmage, The House of the Lord (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1912), 99-100;
Edmunds, Through the Temple Doors; and Boyd K. Packer, The Holy Temple (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1980).
279 Journal of Discourses 23:131-32;
280 Joseph Fielding Smith, Blood Atonement and the Origin of Plural Marriage [Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1905], 87
Packer, 191-206
281 L. John Nuttall Journal, 7 Feb. 1877, Special Collections, Lee Library.
282 Hyde, 100.
283 Kenney, Wilford Woodruff Journal, 7:322.
284 Ibid., 322-23, 325-27, 337, 340-41.
285 Ibid., 9:267.
286 Salt Lake Tribune, 4 June 1923;
Los Angeles Times, 5 May 1990.
287 Journal of Discourses 4:160-61.
288 David O. McKay, quoted by Truman G. Madsen in a Brigham Young University Ten-State Fireside Address, 5 May 1972.
289 Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, Inc., 1958), 209.
290 Joseph Fielding Smith, comp. Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1938), 237.
History of the Church, 4:24.
291 Joseph Fielding Smith, Doctrines of Salvation, comp. Bruce R. McConkie (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, Inc., 1956), 3:225;
McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, 704.
292 History of the Church, 5:2
John A. Widtsoe, "Temple Worship," The Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine 12 (Apr. 1921): 58
293 History of the Church, 2:287;
Jessee, Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, 61.
294 History of the Church, 2:379-82, 391-92;
Jessee, Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, 145-46.
295 History of the Church, 2:410-28, 429-30;
Jessee, Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, 145, 182.
296 History of the Church, 2:430-33;
Jessee, Personal Writings of Joseph Smith, 183-84.
297 Journal of Discourses 2:31.
298 E. Cecil McGavin, Mormonism and Masonry (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1935), 39.
299 Journal of Discourses 13:49.
300 Packer, The Holy Temple.
301 Ibid., 154-55.
302 History of the Church, 5:323-25.
303 Journal of Discourses 19:250.
304 Talmage, House of the Lord, 99-100.
305 McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, 209.
306 Faulring, 245.
307 Journal of Discourses 2:31;
308 Talmage, 100-101.
309 Journal of Discourses 3:332.
310 Packer, The Holy Temple, 81-87, 155.
311 Orson Pratt, "Celestial Message," The Seer 1 (Feb. 1853): 31-32;
see also Latter-day Saints’ Millennial Star 15:214.
312 "Minutes of Meeting at Historians Office," 4 Apr. 1860, Brigham Young Collection, LDS archives.
313 Bennett, History of the Saints, 272-78.
314 Although B. H. Roberts claimed Bennett did not fall into disfavor until May 7, 1842, his exclusion from the Holy Order demonstrates that he was no longer in the inner circle by May 4.
Comprehensive History, 2:140-47;
History of the Church, 5:4.
Affidavits and Certificates, Disproving the Statements and Affidavits Contained in John C. Bennett’s Letters (Nauvoo, IL, 31 Aug. 1842), reprinted in part in History of the Church, 5:67-88;
Times and Seasons 2 (1 June 1841): 431-32; 3 (1 July 1842): 839-42.
Van Wagoner, 29-30.
315 Andrew F. Smith, "John Cook Bennett’s Pre-Nauvoo Life," presented to the Mormon History Association, Lamoni, Iowa, 22 May 1993.
316 Bennett, 273.
317 Edward Giddins, The New England Anti-Masonic Almanac, for the Year of Our Lord 1829 (Boston: Anti-Masonic Free Press, 1829);
Edward Giddins, The Anti-Masonic Almanac, for the year of the Christian Era 1829 (Rochester: E. Scranton, 1829);
The New England Anti-Masonic Almanac for the year of Our Lord 1831 (Boston: John Marsh & Co., 1831).
Malcolm C. Duncan, Masonic Ritual and Monitor; or, Guide to the Three Degrees of the Ancient York Rite and to the Degrees of Mark Master, Past Master, Most Excellent Master, and the Royal Master (New York: L. Fitzgerald, 1866), 33, 64, 94.
318 Robert Bruce Flanders, Nauvoo, Kingdom on the Mississippi (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1965), 271.
319 Klaus T. Hansen, Quest for Empire, The Political Kingdom of God and the Council of Fifty in Mormon History (Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1967), 54-55.
Joseph Smith’s revelation of April 7, 1842,
Minutes of the Council of Fifty, 1880, in Hansen, 60-61.
320 Milo M. Quaiffe, The Kingdom of Saint James: A Narrative of the Mormons (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1930), 49-50;
Roger Van Noord, King of Beaver Island: The Life and Assassination of James Jesse Strang (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), 60-65.
321 German "Order of the Illuminati" is in René Le Forestier, Les Illuminés de Bavière et la Franc-maçonnerie allemande (Paris: Hachette, 1915), and republished (Geneva: Slatkine-Megariotis Reprints, 1974).
322 Bennett, 217-25.
New York Herald, 26 July 1842, 2, col. 4 (Morning Edition).
quoted with some variation in Bennett, 217
History of the Church, 2:307
Contemporary accounts of Matthias, a self-proclaimed prophet, are contained in W. E. Drake, Robert Matthews, Defendant, The Prophet! A Full and Accurate Report of the Judicial Proceedings (1834);
William L. Stone, Matthias and His Impostures (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1835);
G. Vale, Fanaticism: its Sources and Influence (New York, 1835);
S. B. Emmons, Philosophy of Popular Superstitions (Boston, 1853).
323 David John Buerger, "Chronological Annotated Bibliography of Publications Giving the Mormon Temple Ceremony in Full or in Part," 1987, Marriott Library, University of Utah.
324 Buerger, ’"The Fullness of the Priesthood"’; and Levi Peterson, "My Mother’s House," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 44 (Fall 1991): 79-88.
325 Nauvoo Expositor, 7 June 1844, 2.
326 Warsaw Signal, 18 Feb. 1846, 2.
327 "Mormon endowments," Warsaw Signal, 15 Apr. 1846, 2.
328 Increase McGee and Marie Van Dusen, The Mormon Endowment: A Secret Drama, or Conspiracy, in the Nauvoo-Temple in 1846 (Syracuse: N.M.D. Lathrop, 1847).
329 Craig L. Foster, "From Temple Mormon to Anti-Mormon: The Ambivalent Odyssey of Increase Van Dusen," in this issue of Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought.
330 Increase Van Dusen to James J, Strang, 18 June 1849, James J. Strang Papers, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, as quoted in Foster.
332 John Benjamin Franklin, The Mysteries and Crimes of Mormonism (London: C. Elliott, 1858), who apparently borrowed and embellished the Van Dusen exposé.
333 John Thomas, Sketch of the Rise, Progress, and Dispersion of the Mormons (London: Arthur Hall & Co., 1848).
Van Dusen pamphlets published in London and cited by Foster include: John Bowes, Mormonism Exposed (London: E. Ward, n.d. [ca. 1850]);
T. W. P. Taylder, Twenty Reasons for Rejecting Mormonism (London: Partridge & Co., 1857).
334 [Thomas White], Authentic History of Remarkable Persons, who have attracted public attention in various parts of the world; including a full exposure of the iniquities of the pretended prophet Joe Smith, and the seven degrees of the Mormon Temple, and an account of the frauds practiced by Matthias the Prophet, and other religious imposters (New York: Wilson and Company, 1849);
Thomas White, The Mormon Mysteries; Being an Exposition of the Ceremonies of "The Endowment" and the Seven Degrees of the Temple (New York: Edmund K. Knowlton, 1851).
335 Catherine Lewis, Narrative of Some of the Proceedings of the Mormons, etc. (Lynn, MA: the Author, 1848).
336 History of the Church, 7:25.
337 An endowment ceremony was apparently performed in 1849 on Ensign Peak. See Comprehensive History, 3:386.
338 Journal of Discourses 3:159 (6 May 1855).
339 Ibid. 2:32.
340 Ibid. 16:185-87.
ibid. 10:165, 254; 14:124-25.
341 Comprehensive History, 4:13-15.
342 Journal of Discourses 2:144.
343 John Hyde, Jr., Mormonism: Its Leaders and Designs (New York: W.P. Fetridge and Company, 1857), 83-99.
344 Jules Remy, Voyage au Pays des Mormons, 2 tomes (Paris: E. Dentu, 1860), 2:56-66.
345 Jules Remy and Julius Brenchley, A Journey to Great-Salt-Lake City, 2 vols. (London: W. Jeffs, 1861), 2:65-76.
346 Richard Burton, "Voyage à la Cité des Saints Capitale du Pays des Mormons," Le Tour du Monde 2 (1862): 353-400.
Richard Burton, Voyages du Capitaine Burton a la Mecque Aux Grands Lacs d’Afrique et chez les Mormons... (Paris, 1870).
347 Richard Burton, I Mormoni e la Città dei Santi (Milano: Fratelli Treves, 1875).
348 Richard F. Burton, The City of the Saints (London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1861), 255.
349 Remy, 2:65.
350 The New England Anti-Masonic Almanac for the Year of our Lord 1831 (Boston: John Marsh & Co., 1831), 1.
351 Alexander Graff von Hubner, Passeggiata intorno al Mondo (Milano: Fratelli Treves, 1879), 108-109.
352 Amblard Marie Raymond Noailles, Souvenirs d’ Amérique et d’Orient (Paris: Editions Française de la Nouvelle Revue National, 1920), 81.
353 Burton, 255-56;
Remy and Brenchley, 2:74-5;
Beadle, 499-500.
354 Nelson Winch Green, Fifleen Years Among the Mormons (New York: H. Dayton, 1859).
355 Mrs. T. B. H. Stenhouse, "Tell it All": The Story of a Life’s Experience in Mormonism (Hartford, CT: A. D. Worthington & Co., 1874).
356 Ann Eliza Young, Wife No. 19 (Hartford, CT: Dustin, Gilman & Co., 1875).
357 Green, 42.
358 Ibid., 49.
359 Ibid., 50.
360 Ibid., 51.
361 Ibid., 256.
362 Mrs. T. B. H. Stenhouse, Exposé of Polygamy in Utah. A Lady’s Life Among the Mormons (New York: American News Co., 1872), 95.
363 Stenhouse, "Tell It All," 356.
364 Ibid., 354-55.
365 Ibid., 367-68.
366 Ibid., 368.
367 Young, Wife No. 19, 368.
368 Ibid., 371.
369 J. B. Pond, Eccentricities of Genius (New York: G.W. Dillingham Co., 1900), xxi-xxii.
370 J. H. Beadle, Life in Utah; or the Mysteries and Crimes of Mormonism (Philadelphia: National Publishing Co., 1870).
371 J. Cecil Alter, Early Utah Journalism (Salt Lake City: Utah Historical Society, 1938), 333.
372 William Jarman, U.S.A. Uncle Sam’s Abscess or Hell Upon Earth (Exeter: H. Ledoc’s Steam Printing Works, 1884), 67-98.
373 Tullidge’s Quarterly Magazine 3 (Oct. 1883): 51.
Tullidge’s Quarterly Magazine 1 (Oct. 1880): 59.
374 Orson F. Whitney, History of Utah (Salt Lake City: George Q. Cannon & Sons, Co., 1893), 2:382;
Robert N. Baskin, Reminiscences of Early Utah (Salt Lake City: R. N. Baskin, 1914), 98-99.
375 Salt Lake Daily Tribune, 8 Dec. 1878, 4.
376 Mrs. G-S-R-, "Lifting the Vail [sic]," Salt Lake Tribune, 28 Sept. 1879, 4.
377 Mrs. G.S.R- was identified as Mrs. Carrie Owen Mills by J. W. Buel, Mysteries and Miseries of America’s Great Cities (San Francisco, 1883).
Chad Flake, A Mormon Bibliography (Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 1980), 593.
Kate Field, "Polygamy Unveiled," Woman. A Monthly Magazine 1 (Mar. 1888): 296-305.
Baskin makes reference to Miles and her exposé in his Reminiscences of Early Utah (98-99).
378 The Mormon Endowment House (Salt Lake City: Tribune Printing and Publishing Co., 1872);
Mysteries of the Endowment House (Salt Lake City, 1879);
Mysteries of the Endowment House (Salt Lake City, 1879) [separate publications].
379 J. M. Coyner, ed., Handbook on Mormonism (Salt Lake City: Handbook Publishing Co., 1882).
380 Mrs. G-S-R-, "Mysteries of the Endowment House," Salt Lake Tribune, 12 Feb. 1906, 2
381 Mysteries of the Endowment House and Oath of Vengeance (Salt Lake City: Salt Lake Tribune, 1906).
382 Gertrude Major, The Revelation in the Mountain (New York: Cochrane Publishing Co., 1909), 120-60.
383 Handbook on Mormonism, 24.
384 Randy Baker, "A Testimony of Jesus Christ Through Geometric Symbolism," Appen. D, Apr. 1992, privately circulated.
385 G-S-R-, 30.
386 Edward W. Tullidge, Tullidge’s Histories (Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor, 1889), 425-65.
387 Ibid., 426, emphasis in original.
388 Ibid., 447.
389 Ibid., 449,
ibid., 448.
390 Henry G. McMillan, The Inside of Mormonism (Salt Lake City: Utah Americans, 1903).
Baskin, 89-98.
391 Ibid., 8.
392 Proceedings before the Committee on Privileges and Elections of the United States Senate, 4 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1904-6), 4:341-61.
393 Ibid., 4:362-66.
394 Salt Lake Tribune, 12 Feb. 1906, 4.
395 James H. Wallis, Sr., The Oath of Vengeance (n.p., n.d.).
396 Proceedings, 2:148, 153, 161, 189, 192, 194; 4:69-71.
397 ibid., 1:436-37, 744; 2:759, 762-63, 773-76, 796, 799, 855; 3:71, 279-80, 447-78.
398 George F. Richards to Edward H. Snow, 15 Feb. 1927, LDS archives.
399 Remy, 2:75.
400 Burton, 426.
401 Ibid., 271.
Milton’s Paradise Lost. Valentin Boss, Milton and the Rise of Russian Satanism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991), 48-49.
402 Enrico Besana, "Note di viaggio di un Italiano: Le Grandi Praterie Americane e i Mormoni," Giornale Popolare di Viaggi 2 (1871): 63;
Enrico Besana, "I Mormoni nel 1868," La Perseveranza, 13 Feb. 1869, 1.
403 Phil Robinson, Sinners and Saints (London: Sampson, Law, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1883), 139.
404 Wilhelm Wyl, Mormon Portraits (Salt Lake City: Tribune Printing and Publishing Co., 1886), 269.
405 Hubert H. Bancroft, The History of Utah (San Francisco: The History Company, 1889), 356.
406 Rudyard Kipling, From Sea to Shining Sea, 2 vols., (New York: Doubleday and McClure Co., 1899), 2:111.
407 Bennett 276.
408 Hyde, 100.
409 Salt Lake Tribune, 8 Oct. 1870, 5; reprinted from Salt Lake Tribune, 3 Sept. 1870, 4.
Goodwin, Additional Studies in Mormonism and Masonry, 34-35
410 T. B. H. Stenhouse, The Rocky Mountain Saints (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1873), 698.
411 Tullidge’s Histories, 425.
412 Ibid., 426.
413 Edward W. Tullidge, Life of Joseph, The Prophet (New York: Tullidge & Crandall, 1878), 391-92.
414 Tullidge’ s Histories, 442.
415 Green, 49-50.
416 Young, Wife No. 19, 357.
417 Ibid., 371.
418 "Tell it All," 354.
419 Beadle, 498-99.
420 Robert Wentworth Little, "Mormonism," The Rosicrucian: A Quarterly Record of the Society’s Activities 14 (Oct. 1871): 168-70;
Kenneth R.H. MacKenzie, ed., The Royal Masonic Cyclopaedia (London: John Hogg, 1872), 497-98;
A. Woodford Kenning, Masonic Cyclopaedia (London: Geo. Kenning, 1878), 626.
421 1877 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Utah (Salt Lake City: Tribune Printing and Publishing Co., 1877), 11-12.
422 A. T. Heist [A. T. Schroeder], "Mormon and Mason," Salt Lake Herald, 6 Dec. 1891, 3.
423 In Van Wagoner, 175.
424 Michael W. Homer, "Masonry and Mormonism in Utah, 1847-1984," Journal of Mormon History 18 (Fall 1992).
425 1890 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Utah, 15.
426 Kenneth W. Godfrey, "Joseph Smith and the Masons," Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 64 [Spring 1971]: 81-82;
Leonard J. Arrington, Brigham Young: American Moses [New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985], 89;
James J. Tyler, "John Cook Bennett, Colorful Freemason of the Early Nineteenth Century," reprint from Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Ohio [n.p., 1947], 8
Hogan, The Official Minutes of Nauvoo Lodge, U.D.
427 Hogan, The Official Minutes of Nauvoo Lodge.
428 Heber C. Kimball to Parley P. Pratt, 17 June 1842, Parley P. Pratt Papers, LDS archives.
429 Benjamin F. Johnson, My Life’s Review (Independence, MO: Zion’s Printing and Publishing Co., 1947), 96.
430 Journal of Discourses 18:303.
431 Ibid. 11:327-28.
432 Ibid. 18:303.
Matt. 23:35;
Luke 11:51;
2 Chron. 24:20
John A Tvedtnes, "The Temple Ceremony in Ancient Rites," 18, privately circulated.
433 Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 13 Nov. 1858.
434 Ehat, 145;
ibid., 147.
435 In Oliver Olney Papers, LDS archives.
436 Ibid.
437 Horace Cummings, "History of Horace Cummings," in Kenneth W. Godfrey, "Causes of Mormon Non-Mormon Conflict in Hancock County, Illinois, 1839-1846," Ph.D. diss., Brigham Young University, 1967, 86.
A portion of Cummings’s journal was published in the Juvenile Instructor in August 1929.
Horace H. Cummings, "True Stories from my Journal," Juvenile Instructor 64 (Aug. 1929): 441. Hogan has criticized Godfrey’s citation of Cummings.
Mervin B. Hogan, Mormonism and Freemasonry: The Illinois Episode (Salt Lake City: Campus Graphics, 1980), 274-78.
438 Manuscript of Samuel C. Young, LDS archives.
439 Stanley B. Kimball, ed., On the Potter’s Wheel: The Diary of Heber C. Kimball (Salt Lake City: Signature Books in association with Smith Research Associates, 1987), 103.
440 Kenney, Wilford Woodruffs Journal, 5:482-83.
441 L. A. Bertrand, Mémoirs d’un Mormon (Paris: E. Dentu, 1862), 171-72.
442 John W. Gunnison, The Mormons, or Latter-day Saints, in the Valley of the Great Salt Lake (Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co., 1852), 59-60.
443 Burton, The City of the Saints, 426.
444 Helen Marr Whitney, Why We Practice Plural Marriage (Salt Lake City: Juvenile Instructor, 1884), 63.
445 Juvenile Instructor 21 (15 Mar. 1886): 91.
446 Franklin D. Richards, "The Temple of the Lord," Juvenile Instructor 26 (1 Dec. 1891), reprinted in The Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine 11 (Oct. 1920): 147.
447 Rudger Clawson Diary, 4 Apr. 1899, Rudger Clawson Papers, Special Collections, Marriott Library, University of Utah; reprinted in Stan Larson, ed., A Ministry of Meetings: The Apostolic Diaries of Rudger Clawson (Salt Lake City: Signature Books in association with Smith Research Associates, 1993), 42.
448 Larson, A Ministry of Meetings, 380.
449 Kenney, Wilford Woodruffs Journal, 7:367-69.
450 Ibid., 9:293.
451 "Secret Societies," Improvement Era 4 (Nov. 1900): 58.
452 The reference given by the editors was "Gems from the History of Joseph Smith," in Compendium of the Doctrine of the Gospel, 274, which now appears in History of the Church, 4:608.
453 Heber C. Kimball to Parley P. Pratt, 17 June 1842.
454 Young, Wife No. 19, 371.
455 Journal of Discourses 19:220.
456 Manuscript History of Brigham Young, 13 Nov. 1858.
457 Mathias F. Cowley, Wilford Woodruff: History of His Life and Labors (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1909), 160.
458 Dyer, 174-75;
Hutchinson, xxvi.
459 Bernard, ix-x.
460 La Roy Sunderland, Mormonism Exposed and Refuted (New York: Piercy & Reed, 1838), 46;
Jason Whitman, "Notices of Books, The Book of Mormon," The Unitarian 1 (1 Jan. 1834):47.
461 History of the Church, 6:59;
Kenney, Wilford Woodruff’s Journal, 5:418 (22 Jan. 1860);
Journal of Discourses 5:133 (2 Aug. 1857).
462 Minutes of the Relief Society, 8 Sept. 1842 (recording an Epistle read on 30 Mar. 1842).
463 Kenney, Wilford Woodruffs Journal, 5:418 (22 Jan. 1860). See also Journal of Discourses 4:287-89 (25 Mar. 1857).
464 Journal of Discourses 5:133 (2 Aug. 1857).
465 Statement of the First Presidency (Joseph F. Smith, Anthon H. Lund and John Henry Smith), dated 15 Oct. 1911, appearing in Deseret News, 4 Nov. 1911, reprinted in James R. Clark, ed., Messages of the First Presidency of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 6 vols. (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1965-75), 4:250.
466 Allen D. Roberts, "Where are the All-Seeing Eyes? The Origin, Use and Decline of Early Mormon Symbolism," Sunstone 4 (May-June 1979): 22-37.
467 Chalmers I. Paton, "The Mormons and Masonic Symbols," The Freemasons 3 (1871): 427.
468 Roberts, "Where are the All-Seeing Eyes?," 26-27.
469 Laurel B. Andrew, The Early Temples of the Mormons (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1978), 119-32, 142-45.
470 Joseph E. Morcombe, "Masonry and Mormonism," Masonic Standard 11 (1 Sept. 1906): 6.
471 Mackey, 57, 735;
Waite, 1:21.
472 Clawson Diary, 12 Apr. 1900, reprinted in Larson, A Ministry of Meetings, 155.
473 Provo Daily Enquirer, 12 Nov. 1900.
474 The earliest articles in the Improvement Era appeared in the section entitled "Editor’s Table": Improvement Era 1 (Mar. 1898): 373-76; 4 (Nov. 1900): 59; 6 (Dec. 1902): 149-52; 6 (Feb. 1903): 305, 308; 12 (Feb. 1909): 313.
Conference Reports (Apr. 1900), 30-31 (Marriner W. Merrill); (Apr. 1901), 73 (Joseph F. Smith); (Apr. 1903), 20-21 (C. Kelly).
Conference Reports (Oct. 1922) (Charles W. Nibley).
John A. Widtsoe, "Why it is Undesirable to Join Secret Societies," Improvement Era 42 (May 1939): 289.
475 Homer, "Masonry and Mormonism."
476 "Report on Correspondence," 1899 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Utah, Appen., 18, 60;
"Report on Correspondence," 1904 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Utah (Salt Lake City: n.p., 1904), 103-104.
477 John Corson Smith, "Mormonism and its Connection with Freemasonry 1842-3-4 Nauvoo, Illinois," The American Tyler 19 (1 Feb. 1905): 323-26, reprinted in 1905 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Utah (Salt Lake City: n.p., 1905), 113-20.
478 Theodore Schroeder, "Mormonism and Masonry," Masonic Standard 11 (7 Apr. 1906): 2, republished in Salt Lake Tribune, 24 June 1907, 4.
479 A. T. Heist, "Mormon and Mason," Salt Lake Herald, 6 Dec. 1891, 3.
480 Morcombe, "Masonry and Mormonism," 6.
481 Hiram Abiff, Jr. [pseud.], "Mormonism and Masonry in Illinois," Masonic Voice-Review 10 (Aug. 1908): 229-30; 10 (Sept. 1908): 261-63; 10 (Oct. 1908): 294-96; 10 (Nov. 1908): 334-35; 10 (Dec. 1908): 357-59; 11 (Jan. 1909): 7-9; 11 (Feb. 1909): 39-41; 11 (Mar. 1909): 71-73; 11 (Apr. 1909): 110-11; and 11 (May 1909): 142-44.
482 Ibid. 11 (May 1909): 144.
483 "An Editor’s Opinion," Masonic Voice-Review 11 (Mar. 1909): 87.
484 Talmage, The House of the Lord, 30-43, 99-101.
485 Ibid., 7.
James E. Talmage, "The House of the Lord, Temples, Ancient and Modern," Improvement Era 15 (Feb. 1912): 298.
486 1913 Conference Reports, 126.
487 Salt Lake Herald, 29 Dec. 1919, 5.
488 Sam H. Goodwin, "A Study of Mormonism and its Connection with Masonry in the Early Forties," The Builder 7 (Feb. 1921): 36-42, and 7 (Mar. 1921): 64-70.
489 Sam H. Goodwin, Mormonism and Masonry: A Utah Point of View (Salt Lake City: Sugarhouse Press, 1921).
490 Ibid., 20.
491 Ibid., 20-21.
492 Ibid., 22-24.
493 Ibid., 25-26.
494 Ibid., 38.
495 S. H. Goodwin, Additional Studies in Mormonism and Masonry (Salt Lake City: n.p., 1927).
The Builder in November and December 1924 and January 1927.
496 Ibid., 29-32.
497 Ibid., 33-38.
498 John A. Widtsoe, "Temple Worship," The Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine 12 (Apr. 1921): 49-66.
499 Ibid., 62.
500 Ibid., 53-54.
501 Ibid., 63.
502 Ibid., 62.
503 "Temple and Temple Building," The Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine 12 (July 1921): 113-22.
504 B. H. Roberts, "Masonry and ’Mormonism,’" Improvement Era 24 (Aug. 1921): 938.
505 Correspondence of B. H. Roberts, 21 Mar. 1921, LDS archives.
506 Roberts, "Masonry and ’Mormonism,’" 937-39.
507 Extracts from address of Elder Melvin J. Ballard, Special Collections, Lee Library, quoted in McGavin, 12. On September 26, 1901,
Larson, A Ministry of Meetings, 316
508 James H. Anderson, "Temple Ceremonies," Improvement Era 32 (Oct. 1929): 971.
509 E. Cecil McGavin, "Mormonism" and Masonry (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1935).
510 Ibid., 48-71.
511 Ibid., 70, 85-86.
512 Ibid., 20;
513 Ibid., 33.
514 Ibid., 33-36.
515 McGavin, 39.
516 Ibid., 44.
517 Anthony W. Ivins, The Relationship of "Mormonism" and Freemasonry (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Press, 1934).
518 Both Ivins and McGavin mistakenly believed that Goodwin’s pamphlet was first published in 1925. See Ivins, 7, and McGavin, 6.
519 Ivins, 7.
520 Ibid., 10.
521 Ibid., 90-93.
522 Ibid., 88-89.
523 Ibid., 89.
524 Ibid., 179.
525 Ibid., 251.
526 Ibid., 11-20.
527 Brodie, No Matt Knows My History, 281.
528 William J. Whalen, The Latter-day Saints in the Modern Day World, rev. ed. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1967), 158-206;
Jerald and Sandra Tanner, Mormonism: Shadow or Reality, 5th ed. (Salt Lake City: Lighthouse Ministry, 1987), 462-73.
529 Hugh Nibley, No, Ma’am, That’s Not History (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1945), 17.
530 John A. Widtsoe, "Whence Came the Temple Endowments," Improvement Era 53 (Feb. 1950): 94.
531 John A. Widtsoe, "Why did Joseph Smith Become a Mason?" Improvement Era 53 (Sept. 1950): 694.
Both articles were eventually included in John A. Widtsoe, Evidences and Reconciliations (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1960), 111-13, 357-59.
532 Widstoe, "Temple Worship," 63.
533 Ibid., 62.
534 Mervin B. Hogan, Masonic, Mormon Bibliography (n.p., 1 Sept. 1993). Contributions by other Mormon Masons include Kenneth Leroy Guyer, Jr., "Freemasonry in America," Brigham Young University Closure Project, Aug. 1977.
535 Mervin B. Hogan, "Time and Change," 1956 Proceedings of the Grand Lodge of Utah (Salt Lake City: n.p., 1956).
536 Hogan, Mormonism and Freemasonry, 318.
537 Mervin B. Hogan, The Origin and Growth of Utah Masonry and Its Conflict with Mormonism (Salt Lake City: Campus Graphics, 1978), 46.
538 Hogan, "Freemasonry and Mormon Ritual."
539 Godfrey, "Joseph Smith and the Masons," 80, 86.
540 Durham. 10 (Hoean version).
541 Roberts, "Where are the All-Seeing Eyes," 22-37.
542 Hugh Nibley, The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri: An Egyptian Endowment (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1976), xii.
543 Ibid., xiii.
544 Ibid., 14.
545 Ibid.
546 Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, 184-90.
547 Ibid., 190.
S. Kent Brown and C. Wilfred Griggs, "The Messiah and the Manuscripts: What do Recently Discovered Documents Tell us About Jesus?" Ensign 14 (Sept. 1974): 68-73;
S. Kent Brown and C. Wilfred Griggs, "The 40-Day Ministry," Ensign 15 (Aug. 1975): 6-11;
Robert J. Matthews, "Were the Blessings of the Temple Available to the Saints in Jesus’ Time or Did they Become Available after his Death?" Ensign 14 (Sept. 1974): 50-51.
548 Buerger, "The Development of the Mormon Temple Endowment Ceremony," 33-76.
549 Ibid., 45.
550 Jonathan Blanchard, Scotch Rite Masonry Illustrated, 2 vols. (Chicago: Ezra A. Cook, 1925), 1:288-90.
Art deHoyos, The Cloud of Prejudice: A Study of Anti-Masonry (Kila, MT: Kessinger Publishing Co., 1992),
551 Geauga Gazette, 15 Mar. 1831.
552 Alexander Campbell, "Delusions," Millennial Harbinger 2 (7 Feb. 1831): 93.
553 Whitman, 47-48.
554 E. D. Howe, Mormonism Unvailed (Painesville, OH, 1834), 81.
555 E. S. Abdy, Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of America, from April, 1833 to October, 1834, 3 vols. (London: John Murray, 1835), 3:55-56.
556 Sunderland, 46.
557 John Whit mer Historical Association Journal 9 (1989): 17-30.
Daniel C. Peterson, "Notes on ’Gadianton Freemasonry,’" in Warfare and the Book of Mormon, eds. Steven D. Ricks and William J. Hamblin (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co.; Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1990), 174-224.
Richard L. Bushman, Joseph Smith and the Beginnings of Mormonism (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1984), 128-31;
Blake T. Ostler, "The Book of Mormon as a Modern Expansion of An Ancient Source," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 20 (Spring 1987): 73-76;
Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, 160-65.
Kevin Christensen, "Review of Dan Vogel, Indian Origins and the Book of Mormon," Review of Books on the Book of Mormon (Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1990), 2:222n18;
Matthew Roper, "Review of Jerald and Sandra Tanner, Mormonism: Shadow or Reality," Review of Books on the Book of Mormon (Provo, UT: Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1992), 4:184-85.
Massimo Introvigne, "A Rumor of Devils," delivered at 1994 Mormon History Association, Park City, Utah.
558 Jack Adamson, "The Treasure of the Widow’s Son," in Joseph Smith and Masonry (Nauvoo, IL: Martin Publishing Company, 1980).
559 Calcott, 111.
560 Ibid., 111, 116.
561 Ibid., 123.
562 Ibid., 164.
563 Bernard, 124-43;
Cross, 30, 35.
Colin Dyer, Symbolism in Crafl Freemason ry (London: Lewis Masonic, 1983), 47-49;
George Oliver, Signs and Symbols Illustrated and Explained, in a course of Twelve Lectures on Freemasonry (London: Sherwood, Gilbert, and Piper, 1837), 205.
Oliver B. Huntington Journal, 51, LDS archives.
Wayne C. Temple, Stephen A. Douglas, Freemason (Bloomington, IL: Masonic Book Club and Illinois Lodge of Research, 1982).
Salt Lake Tribune, 28 Sept. 1879, 4.
Bernard, 125-26.
564 Sheville, 209-12.
565 Hutchinson, 6, 177.
566 George W. Warvelle, Observations on the Order of High Priesthood (Chicago: J.C. Burmeister, 1915);
Webb, 197-200;
Mackey, 72.
Fred L. Pick and G. Norman Knight, The Freemason’s Pocket Reference Book, 7th ed. (London: Frederick Muller, Ltd., 1983), 144.
567 Fratres Lucis, Collectanea 1 (1937), reprinted (1978), 142-43.
568 Art deHoyos dated 22 November 1993.
Salem Town, 76.
569 Stillson, 641;
Mackey, 339.
570 Dyer, 242-43.
571 "Emulation" Working. The Lectures of the Three Degrees in Craft Masonry (London: A. Lewis, 1899), 70-74;
The Lectures of the Three Degrees in Craft Masonry (London: Lewis Masonic, 1983), 108-12.
572 Town, 22-23, 62-63.
573 Carnes, 49;
Town, 22-23, 67, 72-72;
Stearns, 168.
574 Town, 67.
575 Janet Mackay Burke, "Sociability, Friendship and the Enlightenment among Women Freemasons in Eighteenth-Century France," Ph.D. diss., Arizona State University, 1986, 232-33, 245-47, 272-74.
La Maçonnerie des Femmes (London: n.p., 1774);
L’adoption ou la Maçonnerie des femmes en trois grades (n.c.: n.p., 1775);
[Louis Guillemain de Saint Victor], La vraie Maçonnerie d’Adoption (London: Guillemain de Saint Victor, 1779);
"Rite of Adoption," Collectanea 1 (1937), reprinted (1978), 169-76.
Genesis and the Adam and Eve story, in Hammill and Gilbert, 123-24, 168-87.
576 Mackey, 181.
577 Bernard, 253-72.
578 George Smith, The Use and Abuse of Free-Masonry (London, 1783), 361, 365.
579 The key word is rediscovered by the Craft in the Royal Arch Degree. Morgan. 102.
580 Times and Seasons 5 (15 July 1844): 585.
Women’s Exponent 7 (1 Dec. 1878), 98
581 Deseret News, 27 Nov. 1875, reprinting an article from the Chicago Times. John G. Stearns first published An Inquiry into the Nature and Tendency of Speculative Free-Masonry (Utica, NY, 1826
John G. Stearns, An Inquiry into the Nature and Tendency of Speculative Free-Masonry, 5th ed. (Utica, New York: Northway & Porter, 1829).
582 William Daniels, Correct Account of the Murder of Generals Joseph and Hyrum Smith at Carthage on the 27th day of June, 1844 (Nauvoo, IL: J. Taylor, 1845).
583 Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, 64-77.
ibid., 66
584 Perfect Master Degree, 1783 Franken Ms.
585 Eugene E. Hinman, Ray V. Denslow, and Charles C. Hunt, A History of the Cryptic Rite, 2 vols. (Cedar Rapids, IA, 1931), 1:177
Hamill, 21-22]
and [Albert Pike], The Book of the Lodge (New York, 1872), 313.
586 Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, 66.
587 Kenney, Wilford Woodruff’s Journal, 5:482.
588 Ibid.
589 Journal of Discourses 9:182.
590 Ibid. 10:125-26.
591 Ibid. 11:327-28.
Newell K. Whitney, "Register to the Newell K. Whitney Papers," Lee Library; Zina Diantha Huntington Jacobs, Woman’s Exponent 7 (1 Dec. 1878): 98;
592 Ivins, 89.
593 McGavin, 70, 85-86.
594 History of the Church, 2:235.
595 Ibid., 238.
596 Ibid., 4:274.
597 Ibid., 523;
5:11.
598 Journal of Discourses 2:31.
599 Ibid., 32.
600 Ibid., 31.
601 Godfrey, 76n9.
602 Thomas G. Alexander and James B. Allen, Mormons and Gentiles: A History of Salt Lake City (Boulder, CO: Pruett Publishing Co., 1984), 116.
603 All of the articles in the Improvement Era appear in the section entitled "Editor’s Table": Improvement Era 1 (Mar. 1898): 373-76; 4 (Nov. 1900): 59; 6 (Dec. 1902): 149-52; 6 (Feb. 1903): 305, 308; 12 (Feb. 1909): 313.
Conference Reports (Apr. 1900), 30-31 (Marriner W. Merrill); (Apr. 1901), 73 (Joseph F. Smith); (Apr. 1903), 20-21 (C. Kelly).
604 Improvement Era 1 (Mar. 1898): 373-76.
605 Ibid. 4 (Nov. 1900): 59.
606 Ibid. 1 (Mar. 1898): 373-76; 4 (Nov. 1900): 59.
607 David Brion Davis, "Some Themes of Counter-Subversion: An analysis of Anti-Masonic, Anti-Catholic, and Anti-Mormon Literature," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 47 (Sept. 1960): 205-24;
Massimo Intovigne, "The Devil Makers: Contemporary Evangelical Fundamentalist Anti-Mormonism," Dialogue 27 (Spring 1994), 158-9n14.
Dr. Bataille [pseud. Charles Hacks], Le Diable au XIXe siecle, 2 vols. (Paris: Delhomme et Briguet, 1892-1894);
John Ankerberg and John Weldon, Cult Watch (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1991), 9-54, 93-130;
Ed Decker and Dave Hunt, The God Makers (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 1984), 116-31.
608 Conference Reports (Apr. 1901).
609 Coil, 19.
610 Robert Freke Gould, The History of Freemasonry, 4 vols. (New York: John C. Yorston & Co., 1885-89).
J. G. Findel, History of Freemasonry, From its Origin Down to the Present Day, 2d ed. (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1869).
611 Gould, 1:55.
612 Knoop and Jones, The Genesis of Freemasonry, 274-75, 321-22.
David Stevenson, The Origins of Freemasonry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988).
614 Pick and Knight, 134, 145-46;
Emulation Ritual, 9th ed. (London: Lewis Masonic, 1991), 8-11;
Deseret News, 18 Feb. 1987.
615 "Mormon temple rite gets major revision," Arizona Republic, 28 Apr. 1990, A-1, A-14;
"LDS Leaders Revise Temple Endowment," Salt Lake Tribune, 29 Apr. 1990, 2B;
"Mormons Drop Rites Oppossed by Women," New York Times, 3 May 1990, A1, A17;
"Women’s Rites, The Mormons moderize a supersecret ceremony," Time, 14 May 1990, 67.
616 A summary of his rationale for excluding Mormons from Masonry is set forth in Goodwin, Mormonism and Masonry, 38.
617 Waite, 1:286.
618 Joseph Casia, Masonic Symbols and their Roots (London: Freestone Press, 1994).
619 Calcott, 113;
Preston, 55-56.
620 Hugh Nibley, "The Early Christian Prayer Circle," Brigham Young University Studies 19 (Fall 1978): 41-78.
621 H. Doni Peterson, The Pearl of Great Price: A History and Commentary (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Co., 1987), 38-39,
Nibley, The Message of the Joseph Smith Papyri, 4-5.
622 Luigi Arnaldi (ed.), Carte segrete e atti ufficiali della polizia austriaca in Italia, vol. 1 (Capolago: Tipografia Helvetica, 1851), 117-21.
623 Vincenzo Ferrone, I profeti dell’ Illuminisimo (Bari-Roma: Laterza, 1989).
624 Eugen Drewermann, De la naissance des dieux à la naissance du Christ (Paris: Seuil, 1992).
625 Michel Quesnel, "Des mythes sans historie," L’Actualité religieuse dans le monde, hors-série n. 1 (mars 1993): 40-42.
626 Waite, 1:426-27.
627 Macoy, 667, 686.
628 Quinn, Early Mormonism and the Magic World View, 85.
629 Journal of Discourses 18:303.
630 Bradley, xii.
631 Town, 165.
632 See Journal of Discourses 11:327-28; 18:303.
633 Calcott, 123.
634 Ibid., 123.
635 Town, 74.
636 Bradley, 168.
637 Stearns, 43.
638 Journal of Discourses 2:315.
639 Morgan, 93;
Bernard, 84.
Thomas Cary, An Oration Pronounced Before the Right Worshipful Master and Brethren of St. Peter’s at the Episcopal Church in Newburyport, on the Festival of St. John the Baptist, Celebrated June 24th, 5801 (n.p.: From the Press of Brother Angier March, n.d.):
640 Macoy, 501.
641 Harris, 180.
642 Waite, 1:416-27.
644 Waite, 1:426-27.
645 Blanchard, 2:208.
646 Claude Guérillot, La Genèse du Rite Écossais Ancien et Accepté (Paris: Guy Trédaniel, 1993).
Bernard, 253-72;
Ars Quatuor Coronatorum 89:208-210 [Transactions of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge No. 2076, hereafter cited as AQC];
AQC 97:200-202;
A. C. F. Jackson, Rose Croix (London: A. Lewis, 1987), 46-47.
647 Claude Guérillot, La Rite de Perfection. Restitution des rituels traduits en anglais et copiés en 1783 par Henry Andrew Francken accompagnée de la tradution des textes statutaires (Paris: Guy Trédaniel, 1993), 350-53.
648 Ibid., 352.
649 Ibid., 352-53.
650 B. H. Roberts, Defense of the Faith and the Saints (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1907), 255-370;
B. H. Roberts, New Witnesses for God, 3 vols. (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1909), 2:106-21;
B. H. Roberts, The Seventies Course in Theology (Salt Lake City: Deseret News, 1907), 139-42.
The first serious attack on the Book of Abraham appeared in Remy and Brenchley, 2:536-46.
A spirited response was written by George Reynolds, The Book of Abraham (Salt Lake City: Deseret News Printing and Publishing Establishment, 1879).
The next wave was initiated by F. S. Spalding in Joseph Smith, Jr. as a Translator (Salt Lake City, 1912).
Improvement Era, vol. 16, issues 4-8, 11, and vol. 17, issues 4 and 6.
651 Hugh Nibley, The Joseph Smith Papyri, 54.
Edward H. Ashment, "The Facsimiles of the Book of Abraham," Sunstone 4 (Dec. 1979): 33;
Blake T. Ostler, "The Book of Mormon as a Modern Expansion of an Ancient Source," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 20 (Spring 1987): 66-123;
Steven Robinson, "The ’Expanded’ Book of Mormon?" in Montie S. Nyman and Charles D. Tate, Jr., eds., The Book of Mormon: Second Nephi, the Doctrinal Structure (Provo: BYU Religious Studies Center, 1979), 391-414.
Salt Lake Tribune, 9 Apr. 1994, B2, which outlines the current debate.
652 Anthony A. Hutchinson, "The Joseph Smith Revision and the Synoptic Problem: An Alternative View," The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal 5 (1985): 47-53;
Kevin L. Barney, "The Joseph Smith Translation and Ancient Texts of the Bible," Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 19 (Spring 1986): 85-102.
653 Robert J. Matthews, "A Plainer Translation": Joseph Smith’s Translation of the Bible: A History and Commentary, 2d ed. (Provo, UT: Brigham Young University Press, 1985);
Hutchinson, 47-53.
Massimo Introvigne, "Il ’canone aperto’: rivelazione e nuove rivelazioni nella teologia e nella storia dei Mormoni," in Le Nuove Rivelazioni (Leumann [Torino]: Elle Di Ci, 1991), 27-86.
654 General Handbook of Instructions (Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1983), 77.
655 Salt Lake Tribune, 17 Feb. 1992, D-1, D-2.
656 General Handbook of Instructions (Salt Lake City: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 1989), 10-3.
657 Glen L. Pace, "A Thousand Times," Ensign 20 (Nov. 1990): 8-10;
Derm Head Rodriguez, "Reaching Out," Ensign 22 (Jan. 1992): 66-71.
658 Waite, 1:427.
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1994