Abstract
Bulk water transfers are complicated by unclear transfer evaluation criteria which intensify the tensions associated with water reallocation. This paper evaluates a series of policy questions associated with water transfer laws and policies. The goal is to outline the tradeoffs between different levels of governmental oversight, with the goal of making the process more consistent and transparent. This paper is focused on the western United States in areas governed by the doctrine of prior appropriations, but the questions apply to semi-arid watersheds across the globe.
The text of this article is only available as a PDF.
References
Anderson, T. L., & Snyder, P. (1997) Water Markets: Priming the Invisible Pump (Washington, DC: Cato Institute).
Ballestero, E., Alarcon, S., & Garcia-Bernabeu, A. (2002) Establishing politically feasible water markets: A multi-criteria approach, Journal of Environmental Management, 65, pp. 411–429.
Beck, R. E., & Anderson, O. L. (2007) Elements of Prior Appropriation. Waters and Water Rights (San Francisco: LexisNexis Press). 12, pp. 1–78.
Brennan, D., & Scoccimarro, M. (1999) Issues in defining property rights to improve Australian water markets, The Australian Journal of Agriculture and Resource Economics, 41(1), pp. 69–89.
Brewer, J., Glennon, R., Ker, A., & Liebcap, G. (2007) Transferring water in the American West: 1987–2005, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 40, p. 1021.
Brookshire, D. S., Colby, B., Ewers, M., & Ganderton, P. (2004) Market prices for water in the semi arid West, Water Resources Research, 40(9), pp. 1–9.
California Department of Fish and Game
(2003) September 2002 Klamath Fish Kill: Preliminary Analysis of Contributing Factors. Available at: http://www.earthjustice.org/news/documents/1-03/COMPLETED%20Klam%20Fish%20Kill%20Factors.pdf (accessed 30 October 2004).California Department of Water Resources
(2009a) Water Bank Transfer Table. Available at: http://water.ca.gov/drought/docs/WaterBankTransferTable09110pdf (accessed16 December 2009).California Department of Water Resources
(2009b) 2009 Drought Water Bank Overview. Available at: http://www.water.ca.gov/drought/docs/2009water_bank.pdf (accessed 16 December 2009).California Water Code Section 1735. Amended (2010).
California Water Code Section 1736. Amended (2010).
California Water Code Section 1740. Amended (2010).
Coase, R. H. The Problem of Social Cost, Journal of Law and Economics, 3, pp. 1–28.
Coffin v. Left Hand Ditch Co.
(1882) Supreme Court of Colorado, 6 Colo. 443.Cohen, M. J. (2011) Municipal Deliveries of Colorado River Basin Water (Boulder, CO: Pacific Institute).
Colorado Department of Water Resources
(2009) Colorado Decision Support Systems. Available at: http://cdss.state.co.us/DNN/default.aspx (accessed January 2010).Congressional Budget Office
(1997) Issues in Reforming Federal Water Policy. Water Use Conflicts in the West: Implications of Reforming the Bureau of Reclamation's Water Supply Policies (Washington, DC: Congressional Budget Office).Cooter, R., & Ulen, T. (1997) Law and Economics (Reading, MA: Addison Wesley).
Corbridge, J. N. (1998) Historical water use and the protection of vested rights: a challenge for Colorado water law, University of Colorado Law Review, 69(2), pp. 503–531.
Costanza, R., & Cornwell, L. (1992) The 4P approach to dealing with scientific uncertainty, Environment, 34(9), pp. 12–20.
Dellapenna, J. (2000) The importance of getting names right: The myth of markets for water, William & Mary Environmental Law & Policy Review, 25(2), pp. 317–377.
Doremus, H., & Tarlock, A. D. (2003) Fish, farms, and the clash of cultures in the Klamath Basin, Ecology Law Quarterly, 30(2), pp. 279–350.
Dziegielewski, B. (2003) Strategies for managing water demand, Water Resources Update, 126, pp. 29–39.
Easter, K. W., Dinar, A., & Rosegrant, M. (1998) The performance of water markets: Transaction costs, interjurisdictional barriers, and institutional options, in: R. Just and S. Netanyahu (Eds) Conflict and Cooperation on Trans-Boundary Water Resources, 352pp Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers). pp. 299–313.
Frederiksen, H. D., & Allen, R. G. (2011) A common basis for analysis, evaluation and comparison of offstream water uses, Water International, 36(3), pp. 266–282.
Freyfogle, E. T. (1989) Context and accommodation in modern property law, Stanford Law Review, 41, pp. 1529–1556.
Gray, B. E. (2008) The market and the community: Lessons from California's drought water bank, Hastings College of the Law West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law & Policy, 14, pp. 41–105.
Gould, G. A. (1988) Water rights transfers and third-party effects, Land and Water Law Review, 23(1), pp. 1–41.
Gutzler, D., & Nims, J. (2005) Interannual variability of water demand and summer climate in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 44, pp. 1777–1787.
Hall, E. (2002) High and Dry: The Texas-New Mexico Struggle for the Pecos River (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press).
Hanak, E., Lund, J., Dinar, A., Gray, B., Howitt, R., Mount, J., Moyle, P., & Thompson B. (2011) Managing California's Water: From Conflict to Reconciliation (San Francisco: Public Policy Institute of California).
Hardy, T. B., & Addley, R. C. (2001) Evaluation of Interim Instream Flow Needs in the Klamath River, Phase II Draft final report. Prepared for the US Department of the Interior, 21 November 2001.
Hennessy, M. (2004) Colorado river water rights: Property rights in transition”. University of Chicago Law Review, 71, 1666–1672.
Honhart, M. (1995) Carrots for conservation: Oregon's water conservation statute offers incentives to invest in efficiency, University of Colorado Law Review, 66, pp. 827–854.
Howe, C. W. (2000) Protecting public values in a water market setting: Improving water markets to increase economic efficiency and equity, University of Denver Water Law Review, 3(2), pp. 357–372.
Howe, C. W., Schurmeier, D. R., & Shaw, W. D. Jr. (1986) Innovative approaches to water allocation: The potential for water markets, Water Resources Research, 22(4), pp. 439–445.
Howitt, R., Moore, N., & Smith, R. T. (1992) A Retrospective on California's 1991 Emergency Drought Water Bank (Sacramento: California Department of Water Resources).
Huffaker, R., & Whittlesey, N. (1995) Agricultural conservation legislation: Will it save water? Choices, 10, pp. 24–28.
Idaho Department of Water Resources
(2009) Water Supply Bank. Available at: http://www.idwr.idaho.gov/WaterManagement/WaterRights/waterSupply/ws_default.htm (accessed March 2010).Idaho Statute 42-222. Appropriation of Water (1987).
Idaho Statute 42-1762. Rules and Regulations–Acquisition of Water Rights. Amended (1980).
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(2007) Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, in: M. L. Parry, O. F. Canziani, J. P. Palutikof, P. J. van der Linden, & C. E. Hanson (Eds) Climate change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).Israel, M., & Lund, J. (1995) Recent California water transfers: Implications for water management, Natural Resources Journal, 35, pp. 1–32.
Jacobs, K., Adams, D. B., & Gleick, P. (2000) Climate Change Impacts on the United States. US Global Climate Change Program National Assessment Report: The Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change. Available at: http://www.gcrio.org/nationalassessment/14WA.pdf (accessed November 2011).
Kansas v. Colorado
, 514 U.S. 673, 694 (1995).Kerwin, C. M. (2003) Rulemaking: How Government Agencies Write Law and Make Policy (Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press).
Krutilla, K. (2010) Transaction costs and environmental policy: An assessment framework and literature review, International Review of Environmental and Resource Economics, 4, pp. 261–354.
Lund, J., & Israel, M. (1995) Water Transfers in Water Resource Systems. Available at: http://cee.engr.ucdavis.edu/faculty/lund/ftp/Transfers.doc (accessed October 2011).
Matthews, O. P. (2003) Simplifying Western water rights to facilitate water marketing, Water Resources Update, 126, pp. 40–44.
Matthews, O. P. (2004) Fundamental questions about water rights and market reallocation, Water Resources Research, 40, pp. 1–8.
McCormick, Z. (1994) Institutional barriers to water marketing in the west, Water Resources Bulletin, 30, pp. 953–962.
McCoy, C., & Zachary, G. P. (1997) Liquid Assets: A Bass Play in Water May Presage Big Shift in Its Distribution Harvest, Wall Street Journal, p. A1.
Michelsen, A. M. (1994) Administrative, institutional, and structural characteristics of an active water market, Water Resources Bulletin, 30(6), pp. 971–982.
Minton, J. (2009) California's water mess: How did it go so wrong and why it could happen again. Working Paper, 20 Apr. Available at: http://www.lhc.ca.gov/studies/activestudies/watergovernance/MintonApr09.pdf.
Montana Statute 85-2-402 (1973).
Montana v. Wyoming
. 2011. 131 S. Ct. 1765.Morris, M., & Lynne, V. (2006) Measuring and Conserving Irrigation Water National Sustainable Agriculture Information Service. Available at: http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/summaries/irrigation_water.html (accessed March 2010).
Muedeking, J. (2003) Taking the heart of the Klamath Basin: Is it free? Drake Journal of Agricultural Law, 8(1), pp. 217–235.
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court of Alpine County, Supreme Court of California, 33 Cal.3d 419 (1983).
Nebraska Department of Natural Resources
(2004) Surface Water. Available at: http://tribasinnrd.org/documents/swstatutes.pdf (accessed February 2010).Nebraska Statute 46-289 (1981).
Nevada (1994) Water Words Dictionary: A Compilation of Technical Water, Water Quality, and Water-Related Terms (Carson City: Nevada Department of Conservation and Natural Resources).
New Mexico Statute 72-5-18 (2007).
New Mexico Statute 72-5-23 (1978, amended 2003).
Oregon, Allocation of Conserved Water. Rule: 690-018-0010 (1988, amended 2004).
Oregon, Allocation of Conserved Water. rule: 690-018-0012 (1988, amended 2004).
Oregon, Allocation of Conserved Water. Rule: 690-018-0020 (1988, amended 2004).
Pacific Coast Federation of Fishermen's Associations, et al. v. United States Bureau of Reclamation, United States District Court for the Northern District of California, Case Number C 02–2006 SBA (2003).
Parker, D., Cohen-Vogel, D. R., Osgood, D. E., & Zilberman, D. (2000) Publicly funded weather database benefits users statewide, California Agriculture, May 21–25.
Passell, P. (1988) Economic scene; A free market in water rights, New York Times, August 3.
Peterson, J. M., & Ding, Y. (2005) Economic adjustments to groundwater depletion in the High Plains: Do water saving irrigation systems save water? American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 87(1), pp. 147–159.
Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v. Keys
, 2002. 356 F. Supp. 2d 1222, 1225–1226.Rogers, P., & Hall, A. W. (2002) What is Governance? Effective Water Governance Global Water Partnership. Available at: http://www.gwpforum.org/gwp/library/TEC%207.pdf (accessed July 2010).
Savenije, H., & van der Zaag, P. (2002) Water as an economic good and demand management: Paradigms with pitfalls, Water International, 27(1), pp. 98–104.
Sax, J. L. (1965) Water Law: Cases and Commentaries (Indianapolis: Pruett Press).
S.S. Papadopulos and Associates
(2000) Middle Rio Grande Water Supply Study Report for the New Mexico Interstate Stream Commission. Available at: http://www.ose.state.nm.us/isc_planning_mrgwss.html (accessed April 2010).State of California Statute 1011 § § 938 (1999).
Streeter, D. H. (1988) Electronic information—public or private good? Agribusiness, 4(1), pp. 39–48.
Taurianinen, A. (2000) Environmental protection: California's evolving water law: The Water Rights Protection and Expedited Short-Term Water Transfer Act of 1999, McGeorge Law Review, 31, pp. 411–422.
Tilman, D., Cassman, K. G., Matson, P. A., Naylor, R., & Polasky, S. (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices, Nature, 418, pp. 671–677.
Tregarthen, T. D. (1983) Water in Colorado: Fear and Loathing of the Marketplace, in: Water Rights, pp. 119–136 San Francisco, CA: Pacific Institute for Public Policy)
Tri-state Generation and Transmission Association Inc. v. John D'Antonio Jr., New Mexico, State Engineer. 2007. State of New Mexico Seventh Judicial Court. No. 30, 797.
US Bureau of Reclamation
(2005) Klamath Pilot Project Water Bank.Vaux, H. J., & Howitt, R. E. (1984) Managing water scarcity: An evaluation of interregional transfers, Water Resources Research, 20(7), pp. 785–792.
Wahl, R. (1994) Market transfers of water in California, Hastings West-Northwest Journal of Environmental Law & Policy, 1, pp. 49–69.
Ward, F., & Pulido-Velazquez, M. (2008) Water conservation in irrigation can increase water use, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(47), pp. 18215–18220.
Ward, F. A., & Michelsen, A. (2002) The economic value of water in agriculture: Concepts and policy applications, Water Policy, 4, pp. 423–446.
Washington Rule 90.42.100 (2003).
Western Governors Association
(2008) Water Needs and Strategies for a Sustainable Future: Next Steps.Western States Water Council
(2008) Water Laws and policies for a Sustainable Future: A Western States' Perspective.Willis, D. B., Hamilton, J. R., Robison, M. H., Whittlesey, N. K., & Draper, J. B. (2008) Secondary damages in interstate water compact litigation, Natural Resources Journal, 48, 679–696.
Wyoming Statute 41-3-104 (1977).
Young, R. A., & Taylor, R. G. (1991) Some Measures of the Economic Impacts of a Large-Scale Rural to Urban Water Transfers. University of Colorado School of Law Annual Water Law Conference.
Zetland, D. (2009) The end of abundance: How water bureaucrats created and destroyed the southern California oasis, Water Alternatives, 2(3), pp. 350–369.
Zilberman, D., Dinar, A., MacDougall, N., Khanna, M., Brown, C., & Castillo, F. (2002) Individual and institutional responses to the drought: The Case of California Agriculture, Water Resources Update, 121, pp. 17–23.
Copyright © 2012 The Pennsylvania State University
2012
The Pennsylvania State University